Editing Woodrow Wilson (section)

=== Historical reputation ===
[[File:US-$100000-GC-1934-Fr-2413.jpg|thumb|A 1934 $100,000 [[Gold certificate (United States)|gold certificate]] depicting Wilson]]
[[File:Woodrow Wilson postage stamp issues.jpeg|thumb|[[United States Postal Service|U.S. postal]] stamps memorializing Wilson]]
Wilson is generally [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States|ranked by historians and political scientists]] as an above average president.<ref name="jschuessler1"/> In the view of some historians, Wilson, more than any of his predecessors, took steps towards the creation of a strong federal government that would protect ordinary citizens against the overwhelming power of large corporations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zimmerman|first=Jonathan|title=What Woodrow Wilson Did For Black America|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/11/woodrow-wilson-racism-213388|access-date=August 29, 2016|work=Politico|date=November 23, 2015}}</ref> He is generally regarded as a key figure in the establishment of [[modern American liberalism]], and a strong influence on future presidents such as [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref name="jschuessler1"/> Cooper argues that in terms of impact and ambition, only the [[New Deal]] and the [[Great Society]] rival the domestic accomplishments of Wilson's presidency.<ref>Cooper (2009), p. 213</ref> Many of Wilson's accomplishments, including the Federal Reserve, the Federal Trade Commission, the graduated income tax, and labor laws, continued to influence the United States long after Wilson's death.<ref name="jschuessler1"/>

Many [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]] have attacked Wilson for his role in expanding the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Wilentz|first=Sean|title=Confounding Fathers|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/18/confounding-fathers|access-date=January 27, 2019|magazine=The New Yorker|date=October 18, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Greenberg|first1=David|title=Hating Woodrow Wilson|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/10/what-the-new-woodrow-wilson-haters-don-t-understand.html |access-date=January 27, 2019 |magazine=Slate|date=October 22, 2010}}</ref> In 2018, conservative columnist [[George Will]] wrote in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' that Theodore Roosevelt and Wilson were the "progenitors of today's [[imperial presidency]]".<ref>{{cite news|last=Will|first=George F.|title=The best way to tell if someone is a conservative|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-best-way-to-tell-if-someone-is-a-conservative/2018/05/25/fdc5a1fa-5f83-11e8-a4a4-c070ef53f315_story.html|access-date=January 27, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=May 25, 2018}}</ref> Wilson's idealistic foreign policy, which came to be known as [[Wilsonianism]], also cast a long shadow over [[American foreign policy]], and Wilson's League of Nations influenced the development of the [[United Nations]].<ref name="jschuessler1">{{cite news|last=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|title=Woodrow Wilson's Legacy Gets Complicated|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/30/arts/woodrow-wilsons-legacy-gets-complicated.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130173023/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/30/arts/woodrow-wilsons-legacy-gets-complicated.html |archive-date=November 30, 2015|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=August 29, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=November 29, 2015}}</ref> [[Saladin Ambar]] writes that Wilson was "the first statesman of world stature to speak out not only against European [[imperialism]] but against the newer form of economic domination sometimes described as 'informal imperialism.{{'"}}<ref name="millerlegacy">{{cite web|last=Ambar|first=Saladin|title=Woodrow Wilson: Impact and Legacy|url=https://millercenter.org/president/wilson/impact-and-legacy |website=Miller Center|publisher=University of Virginia|access-date=February 2, 2019|date=October 4, 2016}}</ref>

Notwithstanding his accomplishments in office, Wilson has received criticism for his record on race relations and civil liberties, for his interventions in Latin America, and for his failure to win ratification of the Treaty of Versailles.<ref name="kazin1">{{cite news|last=Kazin|first=Michael|title=Woodrow Wilson Achieved a Lot. So Why Is He So Scorned?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/22/books/review/patricia-otoole-moralist-woodrow-wilson-biography.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622120907/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/22/books/review/patricia-otoole-moralist-woodrow-wilson-biography.html|archive-date=June 22, 2018|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=January 27, 2019|work=The New York Times|date=June 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name="millerlegacy"/> Despite his Southern roots and record at Princeton, Wilson became the first Democrat to receive widespread support from the African American community in a presidential election.<ref>{{cite journal|last=O'Reilly|first=Kenneth|date=Autumn 1997|title=The Jim Crow Policies of Woodrow Wilson|journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education|issue=17|pages=117–121 |doi=10.2307/2963252 |jstor=2963252 }}</ref> Wilson's African-American supporters, many of whom had crossed party lines to vote for him in 1912, found themselves bitterly disappointed by the Wilson presidency, his decision to allow the imposition of Jim Crow within the federal bureaucracy in particular.<ref name="wolgemuth"/>

Ross Kennedy writes that Wilson's support of segregation complied with predominant public opinion.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kennedy|first=Ross A.|title=A Companion to Woodrow Wilson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TytaiSLySTsC&pg=PT171|year=2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|pages=171–174|isbn=978-1-118-44540-2}}</ref> [[A. Scott Berg]] argues Wilson accepted segregation as part of a policy to "promote racial progress... by shocking the social system as little as possible."<ref>Berg (2013), p. 306</ref> The ultimate result of this policy was unprecedented levels of segregation within the federal bureaucracy and far fewer opportunities for employment and promotion being open to African-Americans than before.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maclaury|first=Judson|date=March 16, 2000|url=https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/shfgpr00|title=The Federal Government and Negro Workers Under President Woodrow Wilson|publisher=[[Society for History in the Federal Government]] Washington, D.C.|access-date=December 5, 2020|via=United States Department of Labor}}</ref> Historian [[Kendrick Clements]] argues "Wilson had none of the crude, vicious racism of [[James K. Vardaman]] or [[Benjamin R. Tillman]], but he was insensitive to African-American feelings and aspirations."<ref>Clements (1992), p. 45</ref> A 2021 study in the ''[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]]'' found that Wilson's segregation of the civil service increased the black-white earnings gap by 3.4–6.9 percentage points, as existing black civil servants were driven to lower-paid positions. Black civil servants who were exposed to Wilson's segregationist policies experienced a relative decline in home ownership rates, with suggestive evidence of lasting adverse effects for the descendants of those black civil servants.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Aneja|first1=Abhay|last2=Xu|first2=Guo|date=2021|title=The Costs of Employment Segregation: Evidence from the Federal Government Under Woodrow Wilson|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjab040|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=137|issue=2|pages=911–958|doi=10.1093/qje/qjab040|issn=0033-5533}}</ref> In the wake of the 2015 [[Charleston church shooting]], some individuals demanded the removal of Wilson's name from institutions affiliated with Princeton due to his stance on race.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wolf|first1=Larry|title=Woodrow Wilson's name has come and gone before|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/12/03/woodrow-wilsons-name-has-come-and-gone-before/|access-date=January 27, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=December 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jaschik|first=Scott|title=Princeton Keeps Wilson Name|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/04/05/princeton-will-keep-woodrow-wilson-name|access-date=January 27, 2019|website=Inside Higher Ed|date=April 5, 2016}}</ref>