Editing Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (section)

===Alternative medicine===

====Acupuncture====
[[Acupuncture]] is sometimes used for TMD.<ref name="Cuccia 2011" /> There is limited evidence that acupuncture is an effective symptomatic treatment for TMD.<ref name="Jung 2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jung A, Shin BC, Lee MS, Sim H, Ernst E | title = Acupuncture for treating temporomandibular joint disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, sham-controlled trials | journal = Journal of Dentistry | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 341–50 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21354460 | doi = 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.02.006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Türp JC | title = Limited evidence that acupuncture is effective for treating temporomandibular disorders | journal = Evidence-Based Dentistry | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 89 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21979775 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ebd.6400816 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="La Touche 2010" /> A short-term reduction in muscular pain of muscular origin can usually be observed after acupuncture in TMD,<ref name="La Touche 2010" /> and this is more than is seen with [[placebo]].<ref name="Cho 2010" /> There are no reported adverse events of acupuncture when used for TMD,<ref name="Cho 2010" /> and some suggest that acupuncture is best employed as an adjuvant to other treatments in TMD.<ref name="La Touche 2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = La Touche R, Goddard G, De-la-Hoz JL, Wang K, Paris-Alemany A, Angulo-Díaz-Parreño S, Mesa J, Hernández M | s2cid = 12402484 | display-authors = 6 | title = Acupuncture in the treatment of pain in temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | journal = The Clinical Journal of Pain | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 541–50 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20551730 | doi = 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181e2697e }}</ref> However, some suggest that acupuncture may be no more effective than sham acupuncture,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Laurence B | title = Acupuncture may be no more effective than sham acupuncture in treating temporomandibular joint disorders | journal = The Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–4 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22326146 | doi = 10.1016/j.jebdp.2011.12.001 }}</ref> that many of the studies investigating acupuncture and TMD have significant risk of bias,<ref name="La Touche 2010" /> and that the long term efficacy of acupuncture for TMD is unknown.<ref name="La Touche 2010" /><ref name="Cho 2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cho SH, Whang WW | title = Acupuncture for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review | journal = Journal of Orofacial Pain | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 152–62 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20401353 }}</ref>

====Chiropractic====
[[Chiropractic adjustment]]s (also termed manipulations or mobilizations) are sometimes used in the belief that this will treat TMD.<ref name="DeVocht 2006">{{cite journal | vauthors = DeVocht JW | s2cid = 35775630 | title = History and overview of theories and methods of chiropractic: a counterpoint | journal = Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research | volume = 444 | pages = 243–9 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16523145 | doi = 10.1097/01.blo.0000203460.89887.8d }}</ref>  There is no credible evidence of efficacy in TMD.<ref name="Ernst 2008">{{cite book | first1 = Simon | last1 = Singh | first2 = Edzard | last2 = Ernst | name-list-style = vanc |title=Trick or treatment : the undeniable facts about alternative medicine |year=2008 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-06661-6 |pages=149–90 |edition=1st American}}</ref> However, there is some evidence of possible adverse effects from cervical (neck) vertebral manipulation, which sometimes may be serious.<ref name="Ernst 2008" />