Editing Shanghai (section)

===Air pollution===
{{See also|Pollution in China#Air pollution}}
[[File:Shanghai haze in Huangpu Distract 20131206.jpg|thumb|left|[[Huangpu District, Shanghai|Huangpu District]] during the 2013 Eastern China smog]]

[[Air pollution]] in Shanghai is not as severe as in many other Chinese cities, but is still considered substantial by world standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |title=Shanghai Warns Children to Stay Indoors on Haze, PM2.5 Surge |date=25 December 2013 |work=Bloomberg News |access-date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226233031/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-26/shanghai-issues-air-pollution-warning-as-pm2-5-surges-overnight.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the December [[2013 Eastern China smog]], air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206|title=Flights delayed as air pollution hits record in Shanghai|website=[[Reuters]]|agency=Reuters Editorial|date=6 December 2013|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034759/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/06/us-china-pollution-idUSBRE9B508X20131206|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Liu Chen-yao">{{cite web |url = http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |script-title = zh:中国出现入冬以来最大范围雾霾 局地严重污染 |trans-title = Smog levels in China reach record levels since the end of 2013; surrounding areas severely polluted |publisher = China news agency |author = Liu Chenyao |language = zh-hans |access-date = 3 March 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212001427/http://www.chinanews.com/tp/hd2011/2013/12-04/272975.shtml |archive-date = 12 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 December 2013, levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> [[Particulates|particulate matter]] in Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref name="Liu Chen-yao" /> Levels of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Putuo District reached 726 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |script-title=zh:上海今日PM<sub>2.5</sub>均值超600 高楼在雾霾中若隐若现 |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212111750/http://www.farmer.com.cn/xwpd/dfny/201312/t20131206_920714.htm |archive-date=12 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |script-title=zh:新闻晨报：释疑——重度污染为何不发霾红色预警 |script-work=zh:上视新闻频道-上海早晨栏目 |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210232250/http://www.kankanews.com/a/2013-12-06/0013905638.shtml |archive-date=10 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As a result, the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission received orders to suspend students' outdoor activities. Authorities pulled nearly one-third of government vehicles from the roads, while much construction work was halted. Most inbound flights were canceled, and more than 50 flights at Pudong International Airport were diverted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1374386/children-and-elderly-told-stay-home-severe-smog-continues-envelop?_ga=1.70899472.1277584320.1394050026 |title=Shanghai grinds to a halt as smog nears top of air pollution scale |work=South China Morning Post |date=7 December 2013 |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324174056/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1374386/children-and-elderly-told-stay-home-severe-smog-continues-envelop?_ga=1.70899472.1277584320.1394050026 |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 23 January 2014, [[Yang Xiong (politician)|Yang Xiong]], the [[List of mayors of Shanghai|mayor of Shanghai]], announced that three main measures would be taken to manage the air pollution in Shanghai, along with surrounding Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces.<ref name="yangxiongannouncement">{{cite web |url=http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |script-title=zh:上海将采取三大措施治理空气污染 |trans-title=Three main measures will be taken against Shanghai's air pollution |website=cnstock.com |language=zh-hans |date=24 January 2014 |access-date=18 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817112414/http://stock.cnstock.com/stock/smk_gszbs/201401/2893760.htm |archive-date=17 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The measures involved implementing the 2013 air-cleaning program, establishing a linkage mechanism with the three surrounding provinces, and improving the city's early-warning systems.<ref name="yangxiongannouncement" /> On 12 February 2014, China's cabinet announced that a {{CNY|10 billion}} ({{US$|1.7 billion}}) fund will be set up to help companies meet the new environmental standards.<ref>[[Jane Qiu|Qiu, Jane]]. ''Fight against smog ramps up'' ([http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 Nature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508205301/http://www.nature.com/news/fight-against-smog-ramps-up-1.14730 |date=8 May 2014}}, 18 February 2014).</ref> The effect of the policy was significant. From 2013 to 2018, more than 3,000 treatment facilities for industrial waste gases were installed, and the city's annual [[smoke]], [[nitrogen oxide]], and [[sulfur dioxide]] emission decreased by 65%, 54%, and 95%, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm|script-title=zh:2013年大气环境保护情况统计数据|trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data 2013|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment|language=zh|date=15 October 2014|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065049/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2014/11/87966.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm|script-title=zh:2018年上海市大气环境保护情况统计数据|trans-title=Atmospheric environmental protection data of Shanghai 2018|publisher=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment|language=zh|date=21 November 2019|access-date=2 February 2020|archive-date=2 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202065028/http://sthj.sh.gov.cn/shhj2133/shhj2135/2019/11/113338.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2023, the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Shanghai reached a rate of 87.7%, a 0.6% increase compared to the previous year. The annual average concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) was 48 microgrammes per cubic meter, while the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter was 28 microgrammes per cubic meter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023年上海市国民经济和社会发展统计公报_统计公报_上海市统计局 |url=https://tjj.sh.gov.cn/tjgb/20240321/f66c5b25ce604a1f9af755941d5f454a.html |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>