Editing Sexism (section)

=== Military ===
{{Further|Conscription and sexism|Women in the military}}
[[File:20110610 WN S1015650 0034 - Flickr - NZ Defence Force.jpg|alt=|thumb|New Zealand soldiers]]

[[Conscription]], or compulsory military service, has been criticized as sexist.<ref name="Benatar 2012">{{Cite book |last=Benatar |first=David |author-link=David Benatar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdIrkGLHLPsC |title=The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys |date=May 7, 2012 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-67451-2 |publication-date=May 15, 2012 |access-date=April 26, 2015}}</ref>{{Rp|102}}<!-- Split from ":0"--><ref>{{Cite web |last=Berlatsky |first=Noah |date=May 29, 2013 |title=When Men Experience Sexism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/when-men-experience-sexism/276355/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105151244/http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/05/when-men-experience-sexism/276355/ |archive-date=January 5, 2015 |access-date=April 26, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> During the Modern era, prior to the late 20th century, mostly men were subjected to conscription,
although there were several instances of conscription of women in [[Ancient history|Antiquity]] and the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="Gagova 2015">{{cite book |last1=Gagova |first1=Krasimira |title=Power. Ideologies. Rituals., p. 47 "despite their exclusion from the sphere of power, women were sometimes subjected to conscription not only in the Byzantine Empire, but in any other parts of Europe too"; p. 66: "After that in 811 Krum mobilized thousands of armed women in the battle against the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I" |date=2015 |publisher=Polis |isbn=978-954-8624-45-9}}</ref><ref name="Matanov 2014">{{cite book |last1=Matanov |first1=Hristo |title=В търсене на средновековното време. Неравният път на българите (VII–XV в.)(in Bulgarian), pp. 91 "Furthermore Khan Krum subjected to conscription thousand of women and Avars in the Battle of Pliska" |date=2014 |publisher=IK Gutenberg |isbn=9786191760183}}</ref><ref name="Benatar 2012" />{{Rp|255}}<!-- Split from ":0"--><ref>Goldstein, Joshua S. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XUAsskBg8ywC&pg=PA108 "War and Gender: Men's War Roles—Boyhood and Coming of Age"]. In Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin ''Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures''. Volume 1. [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]. p. 108. {{ISBN|978-0-306-47770-6}}. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</ref><ref>Kronsell, Anica (June 29, 2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qVcV-JBhoVUC&pg=PA113 "Methods for studying silence: The 'silence' of Swedish conscription"]. In Ackerly, Brooke A.; Stern, Maria; [[Jacqui True|True, Jacqui]] ''Feminist Methodologies for International Relations''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 113. {{ISBN|978-1-139-45873-3}}. Retrieved April 25, 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Selmeski |first=Brian R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nv8_omV87vkC&pg=PA149 |title=Multicultural Citizens, Monocultural Men: Indigineity, Masculinity, and Conscription in Ecuador |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-549-40315-9 |location=[[Syracuse University]] |page=149 |access-date=April 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Joenniemi |first=Pertti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwaa7jKmE_IC&pg=PA149 |title=The Changing Face of European Conscription |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-754-64410-1 |pages=142–149 |access-date=April 25, 2015}}</ref> Today most countries still require only men to serve in the military.

In his book ''The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys'' (2012), philosopher [[David Benatar]] states that "[t]he prevailing assumption is that where conscription is necessary, it is only men who should be conscripted and, similarly, that only males should be forced into combat". This, he believes, "is a sexist assumption".<ref name="Benatar 2012" />{{Rp|102}}<!-- Split from ":0"--> Anthropologist Ayse Gül Altinay has commented that "given equal suffrage rights, there is no other citizenship practice that differentiates as radically between men and women as compulsory male conscription".<ref name="Altinay 2004">{{Cite book |last=Altinay |first=Ayse Gül |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=keLIAAAAQBAJ |title=The Myth of the Military-Nation: Militarism, Gender, and Education in Turkey |date=December 9, 2004 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-403-97936-0 |publication-date=December 10, 2004}}</ref>{{Rp|34}}

Only nine countries conscript women into their armed forces: China, Eritrea, Israel, Libya, Malaysia, North Korea, Norway, Peru, and Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2006 |title=Indepth: Femsle Soldiers—Women in the military—international |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/military-international/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404041241/http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/military-international/ |archive-date=April 4, 2015 |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Koranyi 2014">{{Cite news |last1=Koranyi |first1=Balazs |last2=Fouche |first2=Gwladys |date=June 14, 2014 |editor-last=Char |editor-first=Pravin |title=Norway becomes first NATO country to draft women into military |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-norway-women-conscription-idUSBRE95D0NB20130614 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132614/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/14/us-norway-women-conscription-idUSBRE95D0NB20130614 |archive-date=January 28, 2015 |access-date=April 26, 2015 |work=[[Reuters]] |location=Oslo, Norway}}</ref> Other countries—such as [[Conscription in Finland|Finland]], [[Conscription in Turkey|Turkey]], and [[Conscription in Singapore|Singapore]]—still use a system of conscription which requires military service from men only, although women may serve voluntarily. In 2014, Norway became the first [[NATO]] country to introduce obligatory military service for women as an act of gender equality<ref name="Koranyi 2014" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2014 |title=Women in the Armed Forces |url=http://mil.no/organisation/personnel/women/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502082510/http://mil.no/organisation/personnel/women/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=May 2, 2015 |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=[[Norwegian Armed Forces]]}}</ref> and in 2015, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] government started preparing a gender-neutral draft law.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 2, 2016 |title=Kaderwet dienstplicht wordt aangepast voor vrouwen |url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2016/02/02/kaderwet-dienstplicht-wordt-aangepast-voor-vrouwen |publisher=Rijksoverheid |language=nl}}</ref> The gender selective draft has been challenged in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angelluci |first=Marc E. |date=April 13, 2013 |title=National Coalition for Men v. Selective Service System |url=http://ncfm.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/130404-NCFM-Selective-Service-lawsuit-complaint.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321214722/http://ncfm.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/130404-NCFM-Selective-Service-lawsuit-complaint.pdf |archive-date=March 21, 2015 |access-date=May 2, 2015 |website=[[National Coalition for Men]] |publisher=[[United States Government]]}}</ref>

Conditions in the military have been described as "sexually abusive" and the "sexual persecution" of women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hynes |first=H. Patricia |date=2012-01-26 |title=Military Sexual Abuse: A Greater Menace Than Combat |url=https://truthout.org/articles/military-sexual-abuse-a-greater-menace-than-combat/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Truthout |language=en-US}}</ref> Relentless sexist ridicule, hostility, and sexual harassment has been frequently reported.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elsesser |first=Kim |title=Women In Army Special Ops Face 'Blatant Sexism' And Must Wear Equipment That Doesn't Fit, According To Study |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2023/08/24/women-in-army-special-ops-face-blatant-sexism-and-must-wear-equipment-that-doesnt-fit-according-to-study/ |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-21 |title=Female soldiers in Army special operations face rampant sexism and harassment, military report says |url=https://apnews.com/article/army-special-operations-gender-bias-female-sexism-1c904cba739b8ba3720827bd9e77f5f4 |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> Women in the military are more likely to be raped by a male fellow soldier than killed by the enemy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=E. B. Knoer |first=Kelsey |date=2017 |title=The Catch-22 of Females Reporting Sexual Assault in the Military: A Cause for Holistic International Intervention |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3048&context=nlr |journal=Nebraska Law Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmid |first=Megan N. |title=Combating a Different Enemy: Proposals to Change the Culture of Sexual Assault in the Military |url=https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=vlr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benedict |first=Helen |title=Why Soldiers Rape |date=August 13, 2008 |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/why-soldiers-rape}}</ref> Prosecution of the reported crimes fails to move forward, as the Pentagon claimed it would undermine the leadership of the commanders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moyer |first=Melinda Wenner |date=2021-08-03 |title='A Poison in the System': The Epidemic of Military Sexual Assault |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/03/magazine/military-sexual-assault.html |access-date=2023-11-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Army report shows women serving in the special forces face intense sexism |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/09/07/1198066527/u-s-army-report-shows-women-serving-in-the-special-forces-face-intense-sexism#:~:text=A%20recent%20report%20from%20the,Pentagon%20to%20address%20their%20conditions. |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref>