Editing Resistor (section)

==Failure modes==
The failure rate of resistors in a properly designed circuit is low compared to other electronic components such as semiconductors and electrolytic capacitors. Damage to resistors most often occurs due to overheating when the average power delivered to it greatly exceeds its ability to dissipate heat (specified by the resistor's ''power rating''). This may be due to a fault external to the circuit but is frequently caused by the failure of another component (such as a transistor that shorts out) in the circuit connected to the resistor. Operating a resistor too close to its power rating can limit the resistor's lifespan or cause a significant change in its resistance. A safe design generally uses overrated resistors in power applications to avoid this danger.

Low-power thin-film resistors can be damaged by long-term high-voltage stress, even below maximum specified voltage and below maximum power rating. This is often the case for the startup resistors feeding a [[switched-mode power supply]] integrated circuit.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

When overheated, carbon-film resistors may decrease or increase in resistance.<ref>{{cite web
| title      = Electronic components – resistors
| work       = Inspector's Technical Guide
| publisher  = US Food and Drug Administration
| date       = 1978-01-16
| url        = https://www.fda.gov/ora/Inspect_ref/itg/itg31.html
| access-date = 2008-06-11 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080403111045/https://www.fda.gov/ora/Inspect_ref/itg/itg31.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 2008-04-03}}</ref>
Carbon film and composition resistors can fail (open circuit) if running close to their maximum dissipation. This is also possible but less likely with metal film and wirewound resistors.

There can also be failure of resistors due to mechanical stress and adverse environmental factors including humidity. If not enclosed, wirewound resistors can corrode.

Surface mount resistors have been known to fail due to the ingress of sulfur into the internal makeup of the resistor.  This sulfur chemically reacts with the silver layer to produce non-conductive silver sulfide.  The resistor's impedance goes to infinity.  Sulfur resistant and anti-corrosive resistors are sold into automotive, industrial, and military applications.  ASTM B809 is an industry standard that tests a part's susceptibility to sulfur.

An alternative failure mode can be encountered where large value resistors are used (hundreds of kilohms and higher).  Resistors are not only specified with a maximum power dissipation, but also for a maximum voltage drop.  Exceeding this voltage causes the resistor to degrade slowly reducing in resistance.  The voltage dropped across large value resistors can be exceeded before the power dissipation reaches its limiting value.  Since the maximum voltage specified for commonly encountered resistors is a few hundred volts, this is a problem only in applications where these voltages are encountered.

Variable resistors can also degrade in a different manner, typically involving poor contact between the wiper and the body of the resistance. This may be due to dirt or corrosion and is typically perceived as "crackling" as the [[contact resistance]] fluctuates; this is especially noticed as the device is adjusted. This is similar to crackling caused by poor contact in switches, and like switches, potentiometers are to some extent self-cleaning: running the wiper across the resistance may improve the contact. Potentiometers which are seldom adjusted, especially in dirty or harsh environments, are most likely to develop this problem. When self-cleaning of the contact is insufficient, improvement can usually be obtained through the use of [[contact cleaner]] (also known as "tuner cleaner") spray. The crackling noise associated with turning the shaft of a dirty potentiometer in an audio circuit (such as the volume control) is greatly accentuated when an undesired DC voltage is present, often indicating the failure of a DC blocking capacitor in the circuit.