Editing Persecution of Christians (section)

===China===
[[File:Martyrerp 2.jpg|thumb|An 1858 illustration from the French newspaper, ''Le Monde Illustré'', of the torture and execution of Father [[Auguste Chapdelaine]], a French missionary in China, by slow slicing (''[[lingchi]]'').]]
Beginning in the late 17th century and for at least a century, Christianity was banned in China by the [[Kangxi Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] after [[Pope Clement XI]] forbade [[Catholic Church in China|Chinese Catholics]] from [[Veneration|venerating]] their relatives, [[Confucius]], the [[Buddha]] or [[Guanyin]].<ref name=Ye_Xiaowen>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/45466.htm |title=China's Religions Retrospect and Prospect | author= Ye Xiaowen | place= Hong Kong|date= 19 February 2001 |publisher=China Internet Information Center |access-date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=14 May 2018|title=Christianity and Empire: The Catholic Mission in Late Imperial China|doi=10.1017/stc.2018.1 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/christianity-and-empire-the-catholic-mission-in-late-imperial-china/2B3485994A654C67CA80D0C5F8DAFFEE|last1=Hsia |first1=R. Po-Chia |journal=Studies in Church History |volume=54 |pages=208–224 |s2cid=165314911 }}{{Retrieved|access-date=2023-02-14}}</ref>

The [[Boxer Rebellion#Massacre of missionaries and Chinese Christians|Boxer rebellion]] targeted foreign and [[Chinese Christians]]. Beginning in 1899, Boxers spread violence across [[Shandong]] and the [[North China Plain]], attacking or murdering Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians. They decided the "primary devils" were the Christian missionaries, and the "secondary devils" were the Chinese converts to Christianity. Both had to recant or be driven out or killed.<ref>{{cite book|author=Victor Purcell|title=The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MeUoD9G9xAC&pg=PA125|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=125|isbn=9780521148122}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Diana Preston|title=The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900|url=https://archive.org/details/boxerrebelliondr00dian|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Walker|page=[https://archive.org/details/boxerrebelliondr00dian/page/25 25]|isbn=9780802713612}}</ref> Boxers burned Christian churches, killed Chinese Christians and intimidated Chinese officials who stood in their way. Orthodox, Protestant, and Catholic missionaries and their Chinese parishioners were massacred throughout northern China, some by Boxers and others by government troops and authorities. [[Yuxian (Qing dynasty)|Yuxian]] implemented a brutal anti-foreign and anti-Christian policy. The [[Baptist Missionary Society]], based in England, opened its mission in Shanxi in 1877. In 1900 all its missionaries there were killed, along with all 120 converts.<ref>{{ cite book | author=R. G. Tiedemann | title=Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century | date=2009 | page= 125 | publisher= M.E. Sharpe | isbn =9780765640017 }}</ref> By the summer's end, more foreigners and as many as 2,000 Chinese Christians had been put to death in the province. Journalist and historical writer Nat Brandt has called the massacre of Christians in Shanxi "the greatest single tragedy in the history of Christian evangelicalism."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brandt|first=Nat|url=http://archive.org/details/massacreinshansi00bran|title=Massacre in Shansi|date=1994|publisher=Syracuse University Press|url-access= registration |isbn=978-0-8156-0282-8 | page= xiii}}</ref> During the Boxer Rebellion as a whole, a total of 136 Protestant missionaries and 53 children were killed, and 47 Catholic priests and nuns, 30,000 Chinese Catholics, 2,000 Chinese Protestants, and 200 to 400 of the 700 Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing were estimated to have been killed. Collectively, the Protestant dead were called the [[China Martyrs of 1900]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Larry Clinton |date=2009 |title=William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the "Ideal Missionary" |place= Jefferson, NC |publisher= McFarland |page=184 |isbn=9780786453382}}</ref>

The Muslim unit [[Kansu Braves]] which was serving in the Chinese army attacked Christians.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBOpWiyl4NsC&pg=PA172|title=A traveller's history of China|author=Stephen G. Haw|author-link=Stephen G. Haw|year=2003|publisher=Interlink Books|page=172|isbn=1-56656-486-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tvZwAAAAMAAJ&q=muslim+baron+von+ketteler|title=The modern history of China|author=Henry McAleavy|author-link=Henry McAleavy|year=1967|publisher=Praeger|page=165|isbn=9780297176619}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcdkmohiuuQC&pg=PA80|title=The Atlantic monthly, Volume 113 By Making of America Project|author=Sterling Making of America Project|year=1914|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Co.|page=80}}</ref>

During the [[Northern Expedition]], the [[Kuomintang]] incited [[Xenophobia|anti-foreign]], [[anti-Western sentiment]]. Portraits of [[Sun Yat-sen]] replaced the crucifix in several churches, KMT posters proclaimed that "Jesus Christ is dead. Why not worship something alive such as [[Nationalism]]?" Foreign missionaries were attacked and anti-foreign riots broke out.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkREps9oGR4C&q=emocracy+absolutely+impossible|title=Chiang Kai Shek: China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost|author=Jonathan Fenby|year=2005|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|page=126|isbn=0-7867-1484-0}}</ref> In 1926, Muslim General [[Bai Chongxi]] attempted to drive out foreigners in [[Guangxi]], attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for foreigners. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCA9AAAAIAAJ&q=muslim|title=Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925–1937|author=Diana Lary|year=1974|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=99|isbn=0-521-20204-3}}</ref>

From 1894 to 1938, many [[Uyghurs|Uighur]] Muslims converted to Christianity. They were killed, tortured and jailed.<ref>Missionary Review of the World; 1878-1939. Princeton Press. 1939. p. 130. vol.62.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Claydon|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gV32uPMChgAC&pg=PA385|title=A New Vision, a New Heart, a Renewed Call|date=2005|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=978-0-87808-363-3|page=385}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Uhalley|first1=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPnqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|title=China and Christianity: Burdened Past, Hopeful Future|last2=Wu|first2=Xiaoxin|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47501-9|page=274}}</ref> Christian missionaries were expelled.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Forbes|first=Andrew D. W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|date=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-25514-1| pages=84, 87}}</ref>