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===Oral health=== Several ''in vitro'' studies have investigated the potential effects of nicotine on a range of oral cells. A recent systematic review concluded that nicotine was unlikely to be cytotoxic to oral cells ''in vitro'' in most physiological conditions but further research is needed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Holliday RS, Campbell J, Preshaw PM | title = Effect of nicotine on human gingival, periodontal ligament and oral epithelial cells. A systematic review of the literature | journal = Journal of Dentistry | volume = 86 | pages = 81β88 | date = July 2019 | pmid = 31136818 | doi = 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.05.030 | s2cid = 169035502 }}</ref> Understanding the potential role of nicotine in oral health has become increasingly important given the recent introduction of novel nicotine products and their potential role in helping smokers quit.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Holliday R, Preshaw PM, Ryan V, Sniehotta FF, McDonald S, Bauld L, McColl E | title = A feasibility study with embedded pilot randomised controlled trial and process evaluation of electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation in patients with periodontitis | journal = Pilot and Feasibility Studies | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | page = 74 | date = 2019-06-04 | pmid = 31171977 | pmc = 6547559 | doi = 10.1186/s40814-019-0451-4 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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