Editing Moon (section)

==In culture and life==
===Timekeeping===
{{Further|Lunar calendar |Lunisolar calendar |Metonic cycle }}
[[File:Venus-de-Laussel-detail-corne.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Venus of Laussel]] (c. 25,000 [[Before present|BP]]) holding a crescent shaped horn. The 13 notches on the horn may symbolize the average number of days from menstruation to an [[ovulation]], or the approximate number of full [[menstrual cycle]]s and [[lunar cycle]]s per year (although these two phenomena are unrelated).<ref name=":0b">{{Cite book |last=Thompson, William Irwin. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6890108 |title=The time falling bodies take to light : mythology, sexuality, and the origins of culture |date=1981 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0-312-80510-1 |location=New York |pages=105 |oclc=6890108 |access-date=July 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003030402/https://www.worldcat.org/title/time-falling-bodies-take-to-light-mythology-sexuality-and-the-origins-of-culture/oclc/6890108 |archive-date=October 3, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Boyle 2019">{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Rebecca |date=July 9, 2019 |title=Ancient humans used the moon as a calendar in the sky |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/moon-time-calendar-ancient-human-art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104145754/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/moon-time-calendar-ancient-human-art |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |access-date=November 4, 2021 |website=Science News}}</ref>]]Since pre-historic times people have taken note of [[Lunar phases|the Moon's phases]] and its [[Lunar cycle|waxing and waning cycle]] and used it to keep record of time. [[Tally stick]]s, notched bones dating as far back as 20–30,000 years ago, are believed by some to mark the phases of the Moon.<ref name="Burton2011" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=A. S. |last2=Smith |first2=C. C. |date=1987 |title=Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=65–78 |doi=10.1007/BF01117083 |jstor=25130482 |s2cid=129091602}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Duncan |first=David Ewing |title=The Calendar |date=1998 |publisher=Fourth Estate Ltd. |isbn=978-1-85702-721-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/calendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5/page/10 10–11] |url=https://archive.org/details/calendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5}}</ref> The counting of the days between the Moon's phases eventually gave rise to generalized [[Unit of time|time period]]s of lunar cycles as [[month]]s, and possibly of its phases as [[week]]s.<ref name="Zerubavel 1989 p. 9">{{cite book |last=Zerubavel |first=E. |title=The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-226-98165-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd5ZjRsNj4sC&pg=PA9 |access-date=February 25, 2022 |page=9 |archive-date=July 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725234921/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd5ZjRsNj4sC&pg=PA9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The words for the month in a range of different languages carry this relation between the period of the month and the Moon etymologically. The English ''month'' as well as ''moon'', and its cognates in other Indo-European languages (e.g. the [[Latin]] {{lang|la |mensis}} and [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc |μείς}} (''meis'') or {{lang |grc |μήν}} (mēn), meaning "month")<ref>{{cite book |author=Smith, William George |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Oarses-Zygia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ0YAAAAIAAJ |access-date=March 29, 2010 |volume=3 |date=1849 |publisher=J. Walton |page=768 |archive-date=November 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126140722/https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ0YAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Estienne, Henri |title=Thesaurus graecae linguae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qQ_AAAAcAAJ |access-date=March 29, 2010 |volume=5 |date=1846 |publisher=Didot |page=1001 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728014911/https://books.google.com/books?id=0qQ_AAAAcAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{L&S |mensis |ref}}</ref><ref>{{LSJ |mei/s |μείς |shortref}}.</ref> stem from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] (PIE) root of ''moon'', *''méh<sub>1</sub>nōt'', derived from the PIE verbal root *''meh<sub>1</sub>''-, "to measure", "indicat[ing] a functional conception of the Moon, i.e. marker of the month" ([[cf.]] the English words ''measure'' and ''menstrual'').<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World |series=Oxford Linguistics |author1-first=J.P. |author1-last=Mallory |author2-first=D.Q. |author2-last=Adams |date=2006 |pages=98, 128, 317 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-928791-8}}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD |measure |}}</ref><ref>{{OEtymD |menstrual |}}</ref> To give another example from a different [[language family]], the [[Chinese language]] uses the same word ({{lang|zh |{{linktext|月}}}}) for ''moon'' as for ''month'', which furthermore can be found in the symbols for the word ''week'' ({{lang|zh |{{linktext|星期}}}}).

This lunar timekeeping gave rise to the historically dominant, but varied, [[lunisolar calendar]]s. The 7th-century [[Islamic calendar]] is an example of a purely [[lunar calendar]], where months are traditionally determined by the visual sighting of the hilal, or earliest crescent moon, over the horizon.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Lunar Crescent Visibility Criterion and Islamic Calendar |last=Ilyas |first=Mohammad |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=35 |page=425 |date=March 1994 |bibcode=1994QJRAS..35..425I}}</ref>

Of particular significance has been the occasion of [[full moon]], highlighted and celebrated in a range of calendars and cultures, an example being the Buddhist [[Vesak]]. The full moon around the [[March equinox|southern]] or [[September equinox|northern autumnal equinox]] is often called the [[harvest moon]] and is celebrated with festivities such as the [[Harvest Moon Festival]] of the [[Chinese lunar calendar]], its second most important celebration after [[Chinese New Year|the Chinese]] lunisolar [[Lunar New Year]].<ref name="Confucius Institute for Scotland 2022">{{cite web |title=Mid-Autumn Festival Celebration |website=Confucius Institute for Scotland |date=August 30, 2022 |url=https://www.confuciusinstitute.ac.uk/events/mid-autumn-festival-activities-10-september/ |access-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122172612/https://www.confuciusinstitute.ac.uk/events/mid-autumn-festival-activities-10-september/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Furthermore, association of time with the Moon can also be found in religion, such as the ancient Egyptian temporal and lunar deity [[Khonsu]].

===Cultural representation===
{{Further|Cultural astronomy|Archaeoastronomy|Lunar deity |Selene |Luna (goddess) |Crescent |Man in the Moon }}
{{see also|Nocturne (painting)|Moon magic}}

{{multiple image
| title             = Recurring lunar [[aspect (religion)|aspects]] of [[lunar deities]]
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| image1            = Sumerian_Cylinder_Seal_of_King_Ur-Nammu.jpg
| alt1              = [[Sumeria]]n [[cylinder seal]] and impression, dated {{circa|2100}} BC, of Ḫašḫamer, [[ensi (Sumerian)|ensi]] (governor) of Iškun-Sin c. 2100 BC. The seated figure is probably king [[Ur-Nammu]], bestowing the governorship on Ḫašḫamer, who is led before him by [[Lamassu|Lamma]] (protective goddess).<ref name="Collections Search – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1987">{{cite web |title=Cylinder vase |website=Collections Search – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |date=May 20, 1987 |url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/6027/cylinder-vase;jsessionid=F2E906D47F69B2A85DB31D259E691783 |access-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111060850/https://collections.mfa.org/objects/6027/cylinder-vase;jsessionid=F2E906D47F69B2A85DB31D259E691783 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| caption1          = The [[crescent]] of [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna/Sîn]], {{circa|2100}} BC
| image2            = Patera di Parabiago - MI - Museo archeologico - Diana - Luna - 25-7-2003 - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 25-7-2003.jpg
| alt2              = [[Luna (goddess)|Luna]] on the [[Parabiago plate]] (2nd–5th century), featuring the crescent crown, [[Luna (goddess)#Chariot of the Moon|chariot]] and [[velificatio]] as lunar [[aspect (religion)|aspect]] found in different cultures.
| caption2          = Crescent headgear, [[Luna (goddess)#Chariot of the Moon|chariot]] and [[velificatio]] of [[Luna (goddess)|Luna]], 2nd–5th century
| image3            = Goddess O Ixchel.jpg
| alt3              = Rabbits are in a range of cultures identified with the Moon, from China to the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]], as with the rabbit (on the left) of the [[Maya moon goddess]] (6th–9th century).
| caption3          = A [[Moon rabbit]] of the [[Maya moon goddess|Mayan moon goddess]], 6th–9th century
| image4            =
| caption4          =
}}

Humans have not only observed the Moon since [[prehistoric times]], but have also developed intricate perceptions of the Moon. Over time the Moon has been characterized and associated in many different ways, from having a [[Spirit (vital essence)|spirit]] or being [[Lunar deity|a deity]], and an [[aspect (religion)|aspect]] thereof or an aspect [[Moon (astrology)|in astrology]], being made an important part of many [[cosmology|cosmologies]].

This rich history of humans viewing the Moon has been evidenced starting with depictions from 40,000 [[Before present|BP]] and in written form from the [[4th millennium BCE]] in the earliest cases of [[writing]]. The oldest named astronomer and poet [[Enheduanna]], [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]] high priestess to the lunar deity [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna/Sin]] and pricess, daughter of [[Sargon the Great]] ({{circa|2334}} &ndash; {{circa|2279}} BCE), tracked the Moon and wrote poems about her divine Moon.<ref name="c099"/>

====Crescent====
For the representation of the Moon, especially its [[lunar phase]]s, the [[crescent]] (🌙) has been a recurring symbol in a range of cultures since at least 3,000 BCE or possibly earlier with bull horns dating to the earliest [[cave painting]]s at 40,000 [[Before present|BP]].<ref name="e093"/><ref name="k874"/> In [[writing system]]s such as Chinese the crescent has developed into the symbol {{lang|zh |{{linktext|月}}}}, the word for Moon, and in ancient Egyptian it was the symbol {{linktext|𓇹}}, meaning Moon and spelled like the ancient Egyptian lunar deity ''[[Iah]]'',<ref name="Hart 2005 p. 77">{{cite book |last=Hart |first=G. |title=The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses |publisher=Taylor & Francis |series=Routledge Dictionaries |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-134-28424-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1LAiPylZm4C&pg=PA77 |access-date=February 23, 2022 |page=77 |archive-date=July 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725234921/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1LAiPylZm4C&pg=PA77 |url-status=live}}</ref> which the other ancient Egyptian lunar deities [[Khonsu]] and [[Thoth]] were associated with.

Iconographically the crescent was used in [[Mesopotamia]] as the primary symbol of [[Sin (mythology)|Nanna/Sîn]],<ref name=BlackGreen1992/> the ancient [[Sumeria]]n lunar deity,<ref name=Nemet1998>{{citation |last=Nemet-Nejat |first=Karen Rhea |date=1998 |title=Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-29497-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/203 203] |url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme |access-date=June 11, 2019 |archive-date=June 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616064441/https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/203 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BlackGreen1992>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Jeremy |first2=Anthony |last2=Green |title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ |publisher=The British Museum Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8 |pages=54, 135 |access-date=October 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021935/https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> who was the father of [[Inanna|Inanna/Ishtar]], the goddess of the planet [[Venus]] (symbolized as the [[Octagram|eight pointed]] [[Star of Ishtar]]),<ref name="Nemet1998"/><ref name=BlackGreen1992/> and [[Utu|Utu/Shamash]], the god of the Sun ([[Solar symbol|symbolized as a disc, optionally with eight rays]]),<ref name="Nemet1998"/><ref name=BlackGreen1992/> all three often depicted next to each other. Nanna/Sîn is, like some other lunar deities, for example Iah and Khonsu of ancient Egypt, [[Mene (goddess)|Mene]]/[[Selene]] of ancient Greece and [[Luna (mythology)|Luna]] of ancient Rome, depicted as a [[horned deity]], featuring crescent shaped headgears or crowns.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zschietzschmann |first=W. |date=2006 |title=Hellas and Rome: The Classical World in Pictures |location=Whitefish, Montana |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4286-5544-7 |page=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Beth |date=2006 |article=Outline as a Special Technique in Black- and Red-figure Vase-painting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyufPUA_S74C&pg=PA178 |title=The Colors of Clay: Special Techniques in Athenian Vases |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Getty Publications |isbn=978-0-89236-942-3 |pages=178–179 |access-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819021937/https://books.google.com/books?id=YyufPUA_S74C&pg=PA178&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

The particular arrangement of the crescent with a star known as the [[star and crescent]] (☪️) goes back to the Bronze Age, representing either the Sun and Moon, or the Moon and the planet Venus, in combination. It came to represent the selene goddess [[Artemis]], and via the patronage of [[Hecate]], which as [[triple deity]] under the [[epithet]] ''trimorphos''/''trivia'' included aspects of Artemis/[[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], came to be used as a [[Byzantine flags and insignia|symbol of Byzantium]], with [[Virgin Mary]] ([[Queen of Heaven]]) later taking her place, becoming depicted in [[Marian veneration]] on a crescent and adorned with stars. Since then the [[heraldry|heraldric]] use of the star and crescent proliferated, Byzantium's symbolism possibly influencing the development of the [[Ottoman flag]], specifically the combination of the Turkish crescent with a star,<ref>"It seems possible, though not certain, that after the conquest Mehmed took over the crescent ''and'' star as an emblem of sovereignty from the Byzantines. The half-moon alone on a blood red flag, allegedly conferred on the Janissaries by Emir Orhan, was much older, as is demonstrated by numerous references to it dating from before 1453. But since these flags lack the star, which along with the half-moon is to be found on Sassanid and Byzantine municipal coins, it may be regarded as an innovation of Mehmed. It seems certain that in the interior of Asia tribes of Turkish nomads had been using the half-moon alone as an emblem for some time past, but it is equally certain that crescent and star ''together'' are attested only for a much later period. There is good reason to believe that old Turkish and Byzantine traditions were combined in the emblem of Ottoman and, much later, present-day Republican Turkish sovereignty." Franz Babinger (William C. Hickman Ed., Ralph Manheim Trans.), ''Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time'', Princeton University Press, 1992, p 108</ref> and becoming a popular [[Symbols of Islam|symbol for Islam]] (as the ''[[wikt:hilal#Noun|hilal]]'' of the [[Islamic calendar]]) and [[Star and crescent#Contemporary use|for a range of nations]].<ref name="Kadoi 2014">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kadoi |first=Yuka |title=Crescent (symbol of Islam) |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam Online |date=October 1, 2014 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/crescent-symbol-of-islam-COM_25588?s.num=27&s.start=20}}</ref>

====Other association====
The features of the Moon, the contrasting brighter highlands and darker maria, have been seen by different cultures [[Lunar pareidolia|forming abstract shapes]]. Such shapes are among others the [[Man in the Moon]] (e.g. [[Coyolxāuhqui]]) or the [[Moon Rabbit]] (e.g. the Chinese [[Tu'er Ye]] or in [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous American mythologies]] the aspect of the [[Maya moon goddess|Mayan Moon goddess]], from which possibly [[Awilix]] is derived, or of [[Metztli]]/[[Tēcciztēcatl]]).<ref name="Collections Search – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1987"/>

Occasionally some lunar deities have been also depicted [[Luna (goddess)#Chariot of the Moon|driving a chariot across the sky]], such as the Hindu [[Chandra|Chandra/Soma]], the Greek Artemis, which is associated with Selene, or Luna, Selene's ancient Roman equivalent.

Color and material wise the Moon has been associated in Western [[alchemy]] with [[silver]], while gold is associated with the Sun.<ref name="Abbri 2019 pp. 39–44">{{cite journal |last=Abbri |first=Ferdinando |title=Gold and silver: perfection of metals in medieval and early modern alchemy |journal=Substantia |date=August 30, 2019 |issn=2532-3997 |doi=10.13128/Substantia-603 |pages=39–44 |url=https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/subs/article/view/603 |access-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617041849/https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/subs/article/view/603 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Through a miracle, the so-called [[splitting of the Moon]] ({{langx|ar|انشقاق القمر}}) in [[Islam]], association with the Moon applies also to [[Muhammad]].<ref>"Muhammad." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, p.13</ref>{{clear}}

=== Representation in modern culture ===
{{See also|Moon in science fiction|List of appearances of the Moon in fiction}}

{{Multiple images
| align             = right
| total_width       = 410
| image1            = Van Gogh - Starry Night - Google Art Project.jpg
| image2            = Melies_color_Voyage_dans_la_lune.jpg
| caption1 = The Moon is prominently featured in [[Vincent van Gogh]]'s 1889 painting ''[[The Starry Night]]''.<ref name="The New York Times 2019"/>
| caption2 = An iconic image of the [[Man in the Moon]] from the first [[science-fiction film]] set in space, ''[[A Trip to the Moon]]'' (1902, [[Georges Méliès]]), inspired by a history of literature about going to the Moon.
}}

The perception of the Moon in the [[modern era]] has been informed by [[telescope]]-enabled [[modern astronomy]] and later by [[spaceflight]] which enabled actual human activity at the Moon, particularly the [[Apollo program#Cultural impact|culturally impactful lunar landing]]s. These new insights inspired cultural references, connecting romantic reflections about the Moon<ref name="The MIT Press Reader 2020">{{cite web |title=The Moon of Science or the Moon of Lovers? |website=The MIT Press Reader |date=September 29, 2020 |url=https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/moon-of-science-vs-moon-of-lovers/ |access-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101231807/https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/moon-of-science-vs-moon-of-lovers/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and speculative fiction such as science-fiction dealing with the Moon.<ref name="The New York Times 2019">{{cite web |title=Imagining the Moon |website=The New York Times |date=July 9, 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/09/science/moon-art-culture.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709091131/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/09/science/moon-art-culture.html |archive-date=July 9, 2019 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=November 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Nature 2019">{{cite journal |title=Moon on the mind: two millennia of lunar literature |journal=Nature |date=July 9, 2019 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-02090-w |last1=Seed |first1=David |volume=571 |issue=7764 |pages=172–173 |bibcode=2019Natur.571..172S |s2cid=195847287 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Contemporarily the Moon has been seen as a place for [[commercialization of space|economic expansion into space]], with missions prospecting for [[lunar resources]]. This has been accompanied with renewed public and critical reflection on humanity's cultural and [[#Legal status|legal relation to the celestial body]], especially regarding [[colonialism]],<ref name="Alvarez 2020 p."/> as in the 1970 poem "[[Whitey on the Moon]]". In this light the Moon's nature has been invoked,<ref name="Declaration"/> particularly for lunar conservation<ref name="Nast 2013">{{cite magazine |title=Space: The Final Frontier of Environmental Disasters? |magazine=Wired |date=July 15, 2013 |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/07/space-environmentalism/ |access-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714235012/https://www.wired.com/2013/07/space-environmentalism/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and as a [[commons|common]].<ref name="Open Lunar Foundation 2022">{{cite web |title=Polycentricity for Governance of the Moon as a Commons |website=Open Lunar Foundation |date=March 22, 2022 |url=https://www.openlunar.org/library/polycentricity-for-governance-of-the-moon-as-a-commons |access-date=April 9, 2022 |archive-date=April 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420015444/https://www.openlunar.org/library/polycentricity-for-governance-of-the-moon-as-a-commons |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Space Review 2021"/><ref name="Evans 2021"/>

In 2021 20 July, the date of the [[Apollo 11#Landing|first crewed Moon landing]], became the annual ''International Moon Day''.<ref name="Nations 1967 a849">{{cite web |author= United Nations |title=International Moon Day |publisher=United Nations |date=July 20, 2021 |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/moon-day |access-date=November 8, 2023 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627042218/https://www.un.org/en/observances/moon-day |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Lunar effect===
{{Main|Lunar effect}}
The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. The Moon has long been associated with insanity and irrationality; the words ''lunacy'' and ''[[lunatic]]'' are derived from the Latin name for the Moon, ''Luna''. Philosophers [[Aristotle]] and [[Pliny the Elder]] argued that the full moon induced insanity in susceptible individuals, believing that the brain, which is mostly water, must be affected by the Moon and its power over the tides, but the Moon's gravity is too slight to affect any single person.<ref name="sciam"/> Even today, people who believe in a lunar effect claim that admissions to psychiatric hospitals, traffic accidents, homicides or suicides increase during a full moon, but dozens of studies invalidate these claims.<ref name="sciam"/><ref name="RottonKelly1985"/><ref name="MartensKelly1988"/><ref name="kelly"/><ref name="FosterRoenneberg2008"/>