Editing Lombardy (section)

===Art and architecture===
====From prehistory to the classical era====
[[File:4193 - Milano - Ruderi dell'Arena romana - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 14-July.2007.jpg|thumb|The remains of the [[Milan amphitheatre]], which can be found inside the archaeological park of the Antiquarium in Milan]]
The first artistic evidence in Lombardy dates back to the [[Mesolithic]] period when, at the end of the [[Würm glaciation]], the historical cycle of the [[Rock Drawings in Valcamonica]] began, which continued and subsequently expanded in the [[Neolithic]] and the [[Copper Age]] to end only in Roman and medieval times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archeocamuni.it/ciclo_camuno.html|title=Il ciclo istoriativo camuno: una tradizione millenaria|access-date=1 August 2012|language=it}}</ref> The Camunian cycle is considered one of the most important testimonies of prehistory worldwide<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94|title=Rock Drawings in Valcamonica|access-date=1 August 2012|language=it}}</ref> and is therefore included in the list of [[World Heritage Site]].

Furthermore, further finds have been found of the presence of prehistoric populations in the Lombardy territory, also included in the world heritage of humanity with the serial site of the "[[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps]]", with several locations located in Lombardy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1363|title=Sites palafittiques préhistoriques autour des Alpes|access-date=1 August 2012|language=fr}}</ref>

The [[Celts]] left evidence scattered throughout the archaeological museums of the region, while the [[Etruscans|Etruscan]] presence is attested in the [[Mantua]] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parcoarcheologicoforcello.it|title=Parco Archeologico Forcello|access-date=1 August 2012|language=it}}</ref> Following the [[Roman expansion in Italy|Roman conquest]], the artistic evolution of the region veered towards the styles of the conquerors from the late republican period to the Roman imperial era: monumental remains of this historical era can be seen in [[Brescia]] ({{langx|la|Brixia}}) and [[Milan]] ({{langx|la|[[Mediolanum]]}}).

====From late antiquity to the modern era====
[[File:Sacello di san vittore in ciel d'oro, mosaici del 450-500 dc ca. 01.jpg|thumb|left|Early Christian chapel located inside the [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] in Milan]]

In the late ancient period, the Lombardy territory acquired importance, with Milan being the capital of the [[Western Roman Empire]], and consequently, the artistic production also increased, of which evidence remains especially in sacred architecture with the construction of [[Early Christian art and architecture|Early Christian]] churches, [[Early Christian churches in Milan|particularly in Milan]].

The subsequent early medieval period, coeval with and following the [[Migration Period]], will be of capital importance for the development of regional art: the stylistic features of barbarian art introduced by the new populations in fact brought a decisive contribution, merging with late ancient models (which are maintained with continuity) as well as thanks to [[Byzantine art|Byzantine influences]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Marco|last=Rossi|title=Disegno storico dell'arte lombarda|publisher=Vita e Pensiero|isbn=978-88-343-1212-4|year=2005|pages=11–12|language=it}}</ref> for the creation of a truly Lombard art. In fact, upon leaving the early medieval period, we began to talk about artistic styles specific to Lombardy such as the [[First Romanesque|Lombard Romanesque]].
[[File:Lombardia Como1 tango7174.jpg|thumb|[[Basilica of Sant'Abbondio]] in [[Como]]]]

Noteworthy examples of the Lombard Romanesque style are the work of the [[Comacine masters]], in particular in the [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] and [[San Michele Maggiore, Pavia|Basilica of San Michele Maggiore]] and in the [[Basilica of Sant'Abbondio]], in the Como area. The most important contribution between the 6th and 8th centuries came from the [[Lombards]] who, occupying a large part of Italy, established their capital in [[Pavia]] and made Lombardy the fulcrum of their kingdom bringing their art with them, of which there remain both significant testimonies (in particular in [[Brescia]], [[Monza]], Pavia and [[Castelseprio, Lombardy|Castelseprio]]) and a substantial influence on subsequent artistic developments.

In the Lombard area, the [[Carolingian art|Carolingian]] period saw substantial artistic continuity with the previous Lombard period. The lower production of monumental buildings typical of these centuries is counterbalanced by numerous minor artefacts of great value, such as the {{ill|Cross of Agilulf|it|Croce di Agilulfo}}, the [[Cross of Desiderius]] and the {{ill|Gospel Book of Theodelinda|it|Evangeliario di Teodolinda}}. Also in Lombardy are some of the greatest expressions of Lombard sculpture, such as the slab with peacock in the Museum of Santa Giulia in [[Brescia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santagiulia.info/museo_di_santa_giulia/periodo_longobardo/index.htm|title=Il periodo longobardo al Museo di Santa Giulia|access-date=31 March 2013|language=it}}</ref> or the [[Plutei of Theodota]] in the [[Pavia Civic Museums]]. The following centuries, as already mentioned, were characterized by artistic styles typical of Lombardy such as the Lombard Romanesque, the [[Italian Gothic architecture|Lombard Gothic]], the [[Renaissance in Lombardy|Lombard Renaissance]] and the Lombard [[Seicento]]. Finally, we must not forget, especially during the Renaissance, the contributions and stimuli left in local art by some great Renaissance masters who worked in Milan at the [[House of Sforza|Sforza]] court, such as [[Filarete]], [[Donato Bramante]] and [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and in Mantua at the [[House of Gonzaga|Gonzaga]] court, like [[Andrea Mantegna]] and [[Giulio Romano (painter)|Giulio Romano]].

====Contemporary age====
[[File:Umberto Boccioni Forme uniche nella continuità dello spazio 1913.jpg|thumb|[[Umberto Boccioni]], ''[[Unique Forms of Continuity in Space]]'', example from 1949 exhibited at the [[Museo del Novecento]] in Milan|216x216px]]

In February 1910 the painters [[Umberto Boccioni]], [[Carlo Carrà]], [[Giacomo Balla]], [[Gino Severini]] and [[Luigi Russolo]] signed the ''Manifesto dei pittori futuristi'' in Milan and in April of the same year the ''Manifesto tecnico della pittura futurista,'',<ref>{{cite book|first1=Maria|last1=Drudi Gambillo|first2=Teresa|last2=Fiori|title=Archivi del futurismo|publisher= Edizioni De Luca|year=1958|page=63|language=it}} {{No ISBN}}</ref> which they contributed, together with others posters signed in other Italian cities, to found the artistic movement of [[Futurism]]. Upon the death of Umberto Boccioni in 1916, Carrà and Severini found themselves in a phase of evolution towards [[Cubism|cubist]] painting, consequently, the Milanese group disbanded, moving the headquarters of the movement from Milan to Rome, with the consequent birth of the "second Futurism".

Lombardy was the birthplace of another important artistic movement of the 20th century, the [[Novecento Italiano|Novecento]], which was born in Milan at the end of 1922. It was started by a group of artists composed of [[Mario Sironi]], [[Achille Funi]], [[Leonardo Dudreville]], [[Anselmo Bucci]], [[Emilio Malerba]], [[Pietro Marussig]] and [[Ubaldo Oppi]] who, at the Pesaro Gallery in Milan, joined together in the new movement baptized Novecento by Bucci.<ref>{{Treccani|novecento_res-109c24a0-8bb2-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/|NOVECENTO}}</ref> These artists, who felt they were translators of the spirit of the 20th century, came from different experiences and artistic currents, but linked by a common sense of "return to order" in art after the avant-garde experiments especially of Futurism: in this sense this artistic movement also adopted the name of [[Monumentalism|simplified Neoclassicism]]. The Novecento movement also manifested itself in literature with [[Massimo Bontempelli]] and above all in architecture with the famous architects [[Giovanni Muzio]], [[Giò Ponti]], {{ill|Paolo Mezzanotte|it}} and others. Some of the works of the major Lombard artists of the 20th century are exhibited at the [[Museo del Novecento]] in Milan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museodelnovecento.org/it/collezione|title=In Collezione|access-date=28 November 2017|language=it}}</ref>