Editing Italy (section)

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Italy}}
Italian cinema began just after the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] introduced motion picture exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=L'œuvre cinématographique des frères Lumière – Pays: Italie|url=https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320195614/https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie|archive-date=20 March 2018|access-date=1 January 2022|language=fr}}; {{Cite web|title=Il Cinema Ritrovato – Italia 1896 – Grand Tour Italiano |url=https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321124127/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini|archive-date=21 March 2018|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> The first Italian director is [[Vittorio Calcina]], who filmed [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1896.<ref>{{Cite web|title=26 febbraio 1896 – Papa Leone XIII filmato Fratelli Lumière |url=https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/gianni-bisiach/AV-002-000398/26-febbraio-1896-papa-leone-xiii-filmato-fratelli-lumiere|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> ''[[Cabiria]]'', from 1914, is the most famous Italian [[silent film]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Cinematografia|volume=III|page=226|year=1970|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Andrea Fioravanti|title=La "storia" senza storia. Racconti del passato tra letteratura, cinema e televisione|publisher=Morlacchi Editore|year=2006|isbn=978-8-8607-4066-3|page=121|language=it}}</ref> The oldest European [[avant-garde]] cinema movement, [[Italian Futurism (cinema)|Italian futurism]], took place in the late 1910s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 September 2017|title=Il cinema delle avanguardie|url=https://www.brevestoriadelcinema.org/04-4-il-cinema-delle-avanguardie|access-date=13 November 2022|language=it}}</ref>
[[File:Federico Fellini NYWTS 2.jpg|thumb|[[Federico Fellini]], considered one of the most influential and widely revered filmmakers of the 20th century<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 January 2022|title=Federico Fellini, i 10 migliori film per conoscere il grande regista|url=https://libreriamo.it/intrattenimento/federico-fellini-i-10-film-regista|access-date=10 September 2022|language=it}}</ref>]]

After decline in the 1920s, the industry was revitalised in the 1930s with the arrival of [[sound film|sound]]. A popular Italian genre, the ''[[Telefoni Bianchi]]'', consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds.<ref>{{Citation |last=Katz |first=Ephraim |title=Italy |pages=682–685 |year=2001 |publisher=HarperResource |isbn=978-0-0607-4214-0 |encyclopedia=The Film Encyclopedia}}.</ref> ''[[Calligrafismo]]'' was a sharp contrast to the ''Telefoni Bianchi''-American style comedies and is rather artistic, highly formalistic, expressive in complexity, and deals mainly with contemporary literary material.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brunetta|first=Gian Piero|title=Storia del cinema mondiale|publisher=Einaudi|year=2002|isbn=978-8-8061-4528-6|volume=III|pages=357–359|language=it}}</ref> Cinema was used by Mussolini, who founded Rome's renowned [[Cinecittà|Cinecittà studio]], for the production of [[Propaganda in Fascist Italy|Fascist propaganda]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cinema Under Mussolini|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731200507/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/italians/resources/Amiciprize/1996/mussolini.html|archive-date=31 July 2010|access-date=30 October 2010|publisher=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref>

After World War II, Italian film was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline occurred in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=STORIA 'POCONORMALE' DEL CINEMA: ITALIA ANNI '80, IL DECLINO|url=https://www.mymovies.it/cinemanews/2009/16629|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> [[List of Italian film directors|Italian film directors]] include [[Federico Fellini]], [[Sergio Leone]], [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], [[Duccio Tessari]], [[Luchino Visconti]], [[Vittorio De Sica]], [[Michelangelo Antonioni]], and [[Roberto Rossellini]], recognised among the greatest of all time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=The Bicycle Thief / Bicycle Thieves (1949) |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19990319/REVIEWS08/903190306/1023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227023704/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19990319%2FREVIEWS08%2F903190306%2F1023|archive-date=27 February 2009|access-date=8 September 2011|work=Chicago Sun-Times}}; {{Cite web|date=7 July 2002|title=The 25 Most Influential Directors of All Time|url=http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211230213/http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358|archive-date=11 December 2015|access-date=21 February 2017|website=MovieMaker Magazine}}</ref> The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of [[Italian neorealism]], reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Italian Neorealism – Explore – The Criterion Collection|url=https://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918102158/http://www.criterion.com/explore/6-italian-neorealism|archive-date=18 September 2011|access-date=7 September 2011|publisher=Criterion.com}}</ref>

As the country grew wealthier in the 1950s, a form of neorealism known as pink neorealism succeeded, and the ''[[commedia all'italiana]]'' genre and other [[film genre]]s, such as [[sword-and-sandal]] and [[spaghetti Western]]s, were popular in the 1960s and 70s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Western all'italiana|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/western-all-italiana_%28Enciclopedia-del-Cinema%29|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> Actresses such as [[Sophia Loren]] achieved international stardom. Erotic Italian thrillers, or ''[[Giallo|gialli]]'', produced by directors such as [[Dario Argento]] in the 1970s, influenced horror.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tarantino e i film italiani degli anni settanta|url=http://www.corriere.it/solferino/severgnini/09-10-30/09.spm|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> Recently, the Italian scene has received only occasional attention, with movies such as ''[[Life Is Beautiful]]'', ''[[Cinema Paradiso]]'', and ''[[Il Postino: The Postman]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 May 2013|title=Cannes 2013. La grande bellezza |url=https://stanzedicinema.com/2013/05/21/cannes-2013-la-grande-bellezza|access-date=1 January 2022|work=Stanze di Cinema|language=it}}</ref>

Cinecittà studio is the largest film and television production facility in Europe,<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2021|title=Cinecittà, c'è l'accordo per espandere gli Studios italiani|url=https://www.ciakmagazine.it/news/cinecitta-ce-laccordo-per-espandere-gli-studios-italiani|access-date=10 September 2022|language=it}}</ref> where many international box office hits were filmed. In the 1950s, the number of international productions made there led to Rome's being dubbed "[[Hollywood on the Tiber]]". More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, of which 90 received an [[Academy Award]] nomination, with 47 wins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bondanella|first=Peter E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PiTBFMc7tp4C|title=Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present|date=2001|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-1247-8|page=13}}</ref> Italy is the most awarded country at the Academy Awards for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]], with 14 wins, 3 [[Academy Honorary Award|Special Awards]], and 31 [[List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|nominations]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2021|title=Oscar 2022: Paolo Sorrentino e gli altri candidati come miglior film internazionale |url=https://www.sorrisi.com/cinema/migliori-film/oscar-2022-paolo-sorrentino-e-gli-altri-candidati-come-miglior-film-internazionale|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Italian films have won 12 Palmes d'Or,<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 May 2014|title=10 film italiani che hanno fatto la storia del Festival di Cannes|url=https://www.nanopress.it/articolo/10-film-italiani-che-hanno-fatto-la-storia-del-festival-di-cannes/67505|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> 11 [[Golden Lion]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 August 2018|title=I film italiani vincitori del Leone d'Oro al Festival di Venezia|url=https://www.supereva.it/i-film-italiani-vincitori-del-leone-doro-al-festival-di-venezia-51756|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref> and 7 [[Golden Bear]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Film italiani vincitori Orso d'Oro di Berlino|url=https://popcorntv.it/guide/film-italiani-vincitori-orso-doro-di-berlino/32626|access-date=1 January 2022|language=it}}</ref>