Editing Hui people (section)

== Ethnic tensions ==
{{further|Ethnic issues in the People's Republic of China|Xinjiang re-education camps|Islamophobia in China}}

The Dungan and Panthay revolts were set off by racial antagonism and class warfare, rather than religion.{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|Gray|1916|p=893}} During the first Dungan revolt from 1862 to 1877, fighting broke out between Uyghur and Hui groups.{{sfn|Bellér-Hann|2007|p=74}} In the military, imbalances in promotion and wealth were other motives for holding foreigners in poor regard.{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|Gray|1916|p=893}}

In 1936, after [[Sheng Shicai]] expelled 20,000 [[Kazakhs]] from Xinjiang to Qinghai, the Hui led by Ma Bufang massacred their fellow Muslims, the Kazakhs, until only 135 remained.<ref>
{{cite book
|url={{google books |plainurl=y  |id=m98sAAAAIAAJ}}
|title=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277
|year=1951
|publisher=American Academy of Political and Social Science
|page=152
|access-date=28 June 2010
}}
</ref>

The Hui people have had a long presence in Qinghai and Gansu, or what Tibetans call [[Amdo]], although Tibetans have historically dominated local politics. The situation was reversed in 1931 when the Hui general Ma Bufang inherited the governorship of Qinghai, stacking his government with Hui and Salar and excluding Tibetans. In his power base in Qinghai's northeastern [[Haidong Prefecture]], Ma compelled many Tibetans to convert to Islam and acculturate. Tensions also mounted when Hui started migrating into [[Lhasa]] in the 1990s. In February 2003, Tibetans rioted against Hui, destroying Hui-owned shops and restaurants.<ref>
{{Cite news
|title=Tibetans, Muslim Huis clash in China|date=23 February 2003 
|publisher=CNN 
|url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/02/23/china.clash.reut/index.html
|access-date=15 January 2010
|archive-date=13 September 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913153123/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/asiapcf/east/02/23/china.clash.reut/index.html
|url-status=live
}}
</ref> Local [[Tibetan Buddhist]] religious leaders led a regional boycott movement that encouraged Tibetans to boycott Hui-owned shops.{{sfn|Fischer|2005|pp=2, 5, 10, 17–20}}

{{See also|Islam in China#Hui-Uyghur tension}}
Tensions with [[Uyghurs]] arose because Qing and Republican Chinese authorities used Hui troops and officials to dominate the Uyghurs and crush Uyghur revolts.{{sfn|Starr|2004|p=311}} Xinjiang's Hui population increased by over 520 percent between 1940 and 1982, an average annual growth of 4.4 percent, while the Uyghur population only grew at 1.7 percent. This dramatic increase in Hui population led inevitably to significant tensions between the Hui and Uyghur populations. Many Hui Muslim civilians were killed by Uyghur rebel troops in the [[Kizil massacre]] (1933).<ref name="auto"/> Some Uyghurs in [[Kashgar]] remember that the Hui army at the [[Battle of Kashgar (1934)|1934 Battle of Kashgar]] massacred 2,000 to 8,000 Uyghurs, which caused tension as more Hui moved into Kashgar from other parts of China.{{sfn|Starr|2004|p=113}} Some Hui criticize Uyghur separatism and generally do not want to get involved in conflict in other countries.<ref name="Van Wie Davis"/> Hui and Uyghur live separately, attending different mosques.<ref name="Safran 1998 35"/> During the [[July 2009 Ürümqi riots|2009 rioting in Xinjiang]] that killed around 200 people, "Kill the Han, kill the Hui" was the recurring cry spread across social media among extremist Uyghurs.<ref name="Beech"/>