Editing Hannah Arendt (section)

==== ''Kein Mensch hat das Recht zu gehorchen'' ====
{{multiple image | header = Tax offices in Bolzano, former seat of the Fascist party| align = right | direction = horizontal | total_width = 330 | float = none
|image1=Piffraderrelief Bozen 2017.jpg|caption1 =  |alt1= University of Berlin
|image2=Fassade finanzamt bozen 2018.jpg|caption2=|alt2=University of Marburg
|footer= By Day and Night. Italian Fascist monument reworked to display a version of Arendt's statement "No one has the right to obey."
}}
In an interview with [[Joachim Fest]] in 1964,{{sfn|Arendt|Fest|1964}} Arendt was asked about Eichmann's defense that he had made Kant's principle of the duty of obedience his guiding principle all his life. Arendt replied that that was outrageous and that Eichmann was misusing Kant, by not considering the element of judgement required in assessing one's own actions – "{{lang|de|Kein Mensch hat bei Kant das Recht zu gehorchen}}" (No man has, according to Kant, the right to obey), she stated, paraphrasing Kant. The reference was to Kant's {{lang|de|[[Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft]]}} (Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason 1793) in which he states:{{sfn|Kant|1838|p=125}}

<blockquote>{{lang|de|Der Satz 'man muß Gott mehr gehorchen, als den Menschen' bedeutet nur, daß, wenn die letzten etwas gebieten, was an sich böse (dem Sittengesetz unmittelbar zuwider) ist, ihnen nicht gehorcht werden darf und soll}}{{sfn|Kant|1793|p=99}} (The saying, "''We must hearken to God, rather than to man''," signifies no more than this, viz. that should any earthly legislation enjoin something immediately contradictory of the moral law, obedience is not to be rendered)</blockquote>

Kant clearly defines a higher moral duty than rendering merely unto Caesar. Arendt herself had written in her book "This was outrageous, on the face of it, and also incomprehensible, since Kant's moral philosophy is so closely bound up with man's faculty of judgment, which rules out blind obedience."{{sfn|Arendt|2006a|p=135}} Arendt's reply to Fest has since been widely quoted as {{lang|de|Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen}} (No one has the right to obey), changing {{lang|de|Kein Mensch}} (No person) to the more generic {{lang|de|Niemand}} (No one) and omitting the attribution {{lang|de|bei Kant}} (according to Kant), although it does encapsulate an aspect of her moral philosophy.{{sfn|Miller|2017}}{{sfn|Krieghofer|2017}}
The phrase {{lang|de|Niemand hat das Recht zu gehorchen}} has become one of her iconic images, appearing on the wall of the house in which she was born (''see'' [[#Commemorations|Commemorations]]), among other places.{{sfn|HAT|2018}} A [[fascist]] [[bas-relief]] on the [[Casa del Fascio (Bolzano)|Palazzo degli Uffici Finanziari]] (1942), in the Piazza del Tribunale,{{efn|The Palazzo degli Uffici Finanziari was originally the Casa del Fascio and the square, the Piazza [[Arnaldo Mussolini]], and was erected as the Fascist headquarters for the region. The bas-relief is by [[:it:Hans Piffrader|Hans Piffrader]]}} [[Bolzano]], Italy celebrating [[Mussolini]], reads ''Credere, Obbedire, Combattere'' (Believe, Obey, Combat).{{sfn|Obermair|2018}} In 2017, its 'Obey' meaning was altered using Arendt's original phrasing, less the attribution, projected upon it in the three official languages of the region.{{efn|[[ladin language|Ladin]], German and Italian: ''Degnu n'a l dërt de ulghè – Kein Mensch hat das Recht zu gehorchen – Nessuno ha il diritto di obbedire''}}{{sfn|Obermair|2018}}{{sfn|Invernizzi-Accetti|2017}}

The phrase has been appearing in other artistic work featuring political messages, such as the 2015 installation by Wilfried Gerstel, which has evoked the concept of resistance to dictatorship.{{sfn|DP|2017}}