Editing Galaxy (section)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="sparkegallagher2000">{{harvnb|Sparke|Gallagher|2000|p=i}}</ref>

<ref name="sparkegallagher2000_131">{{harvnb|Sparke|Gallagher|2000|loc=1.3.1}}</ref>

<ref name="heidarzadeh23">{{harvnb|Heidarzadeh|2008|pp=23–25}}</ref>

<ref name="heidarzadeh25">{{harvnb|Heidarzadeh|2008|p=25, Table 2.1}}</ref>

<ref name=paul1993>{{harvnb|Paul|1993|pp=16–18}}</ref>

<ref name=Mohamed>{{harvnb|Mohamed|2000|pp=49–50}}</ref>

<ref name="NSOG">{{harvnb|Kepple|Sanner|1998|p=18}}</ref>

<ref name=bergh1998>{{harvnb|Van den Bergh|1998|p=17}}</ref>

<ref name=waller_hodge2003>{{harvnb|Waller|Hodge|2003|p=91}}</ref>

<ref name=bertin_lin1996>{{harvnb|Bertin|Lin|1996|pp=65–85}}</ref>

<ref name=belkora355>{{harvnb|Belkora|2003|p=355}}</ref>

<ref name=nasa060812>{{cite web
 |last1=Hupp
 |first1=Erica
 |last2=Roy
 |first2=Steve
 |last3=Watzke
 |first3=Megan
 |date=August 12, 2006
 |title=NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html
 |publisher=[[NASA]]
 |access-date=April 17, 2007
 |archive-date=March 28, 2020
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328193824/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name=uf030616>{{cite press release
 |last1=Hoover
 |first1=Aaron
 |date=June 16, 2003
 |title=UF Astronomers: Universe Slightly Simpler Than Expected
 |url=http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/
 |publisher=[[University of Florida]]
 |access-date=March 4, 2011
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720083835/http://news.ufl.edu/2003/06/16/galaxies/
 |archive-date=July 20, 2011
 |df=mdy-all}}
* Based on: {{Cite journal
 |last1=Graham |first1=Alister W.
 |last2=Guzmán |first2=Rafael
 |s2cid=13284968
 |date=2003
 |title=HST Photometry of Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in Coma, and an Explanation for the Alleged Structural Dichotomy between Dwarf and Bright Elliptical Galaxies
 |journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]]
 |volume=125 |issue=6 |pages=2936–2950
 |bibcode=2003AJ....125.2936G
 |doi=10.1086/374992
|arxiv = astro-ph/0303391}}</ref>

<ref name="IRatlas">{{cite web
 |last1=Jarrett
 |first1=T. H.
 |title=Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas
 |url=http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/
 |website=[[Infrared Processing and Analysis Center]]
 |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]]
 |access-date=January 9, 2007
 |archive-date=November 20, 2023
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120133109/https://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=camb_lss>{{cite web
 |title=Galaxy Clusters and Large-Scale Structure
 |url=http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/research/gr/public/gal_lss.html
 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]
 |access-date=January 15, 2007
 |archive-date=April 26, 2012
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426215141/http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/research/gr/public/gal_lss.html
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name=rmaa17_107>{{cite journal
 | title=Physical processes behind the morphological Hubble sequence
 | last1=Firmani |first1=C. | last2=Avila-Reese |first2= Vladimir
 | journal=[[Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica]]
 | volume=17 | pages=107–120 | date=2003
 | bibcode=2003RMxAC..17..107F | arxiv=astro-ph/0303543 }}</ref>

<ref name=konecny2006>{{cite web
 | title=Emblematics, Agriculture, and Mythography in The Origin of the Milky Way
 | last=Konečný |first=Lubomír
 | publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic]]
 | url=http://www.udu.cas.cz/collegium/tintoretto.pdf
 | access-date=January 5, 2007 | archive-date=July 20, 2006
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720204104/http://www.udu.cas.cz/collegium/tintoretto.pdf
}}</ref>

<ref name=oed>{{cite web
 | title=galaxy
 | last=Harper | first=Douglas
 | work=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]
 | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=galaxy
 | access-date=November 11, 2011 | archive-date=November 17, 2011
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117124959/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=galaxy
 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=jpost>{{cite web
 | last=Chemla |first=Sarah
 | title=Astronomers were wrong about the number of galaxies in universe
 | website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] | date=January 14, 2021 | language=en-US
 | url=https://www.jpost.com/health-science/astronomers-were-wrong-about-the-number-of-galaxies-in-universe-655425
 | url-status=live
 | archive-date=January 14, 2021 | access-date=2021-01-14
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114153938/https://www.jpost.com/health-science/astronomers-were-wrong-about-the-number-of-galaxies-in-universe-655425 }}</ref>

<ref name=Saunders_2023>{{cite news
 | title=How many galaxies are in the Universe? A lot more than you'd think
 | last=Saunders | first=Toby | date=July 25, 2023
 | url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/how-many-galaxies-are-in-the-universe
 | work=[[BBC Science Focus]] | access-date=2024-01-09 }}</ref>

<ref name=Gibney_2014>{{cite journal
 | title=Earth's new address: 'Solar System, Milky Way, Laniakea'
 | last=Gibney | first=Elizabeth |author-link=Elizabeth Gibney
 | year=2014 | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
 | s2cid = 124323774 | doi=10.1038/nature.2014.15819 }}</ref>

<ref name="Plutarch">{{cite book
 | title=The Complete Works Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies
 | publisher=Echo Library | author=Plutarch | author-link=Plutarch
 | date=2006 | page=66 | isbn=978-1-4068-3224-2
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I34rSPrX1tQC
 | access-date=July 25, 2018 | archive-date=March 24, 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324071205/https://books.google.com/books?id=I34rSPrX1tQC
 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name=Montada>{{cite encyclopedia
 | last=Montada
 | first=Josep Puig
 | date=September 28, 2007
 | title=Ibn Bâjja
 | encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]
 | url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-bajja
 | access-date=July 11, 2008
 | archive-date=March 16, 2020
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316085852/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-bajja/
 | url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=Bouali_et_al_2008>{{cite conference
 | last1=Bouali
 | first1=Hamid-Eddine
 | last2=Zghal
 | first2=Mourad
 | last3=Lakhdar
 | first3=Zohra B.
 | chapter=Popularisation of optical phenomena: Establishing the first Ibn Al-Haytham workshop on photography
 | editor-first1=François
 | editor-last1=Flory
 | date=2005
 | title=Ninth International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics
 | journal=[[Proceedings of SPIE]]
 | volume=9664, Ninth International Topical Meeting on Education and Training in Optics and Photonics
 | chapter-url=http://spie.org/etop/ETOP2005_080.pdf
 | doi=10.1117/12.2207764
 | bibcode=2005SPIE.9664E..22B
 | doi-access=free
 }}</ref>

<ref name=Livingston>{{cite journal
 | last1=Livingston | first1=John W.
 | title=Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation
 | journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]
 | volume=91 | issue=1 | pages=96–103 | date=1971
 | doi=10.2307/600445 | jstor=600445
}}</ref>

<ref name="O'Connor_Robertson_2002">{{cite web
 | title=Galileo Galilei
 | last1=O'Connor | first1=John J.
 | last2=Robertson | first2=Edmund F.
 | author-link2 = Edmund F. Robertson
 | date=November 2002
 | url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html
 | website=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive]]
 | publisher=[[University of St. Andrews]]
 | access-date=January 8, 2007
 | archive-date=March 3, 2016
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211814/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html
 | url-status=dead
 }}</ref>

<ref name=Galilei>{{cite book
 | first=Galileo | last=Galilei
 | author-link=Galileo Galilei
 | title=Sidereus Nuncius
 | publication-place=[[Venice]]
 | publisher=Thomas Baglioni | year=1610
 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Sidereusnuncius00Gali#page/n37/mode/2up
 | pages=15–16 | access-date=2024-01-10}}
* English translation: {{cite book
 | first1=Galileo | last1=Galilei
 | author-link1=Galileo Galilei
 | first2=Johannes | last2=Kepler
 | author-link2=Johannes Kepler
 | translator-first=Edward Stafford | translator-last=Carlos
 | title=The Sidereal Messenger of Galileo Galilei: and a part of the preface to Kepler's Dioptrics containing the original account of Galileo's astronomical discoveries
 | publication-place=London
 | publisher=Rivingtons | year=1880
 | url=https://archive.org/stream/siderealmessenge80gali#page/42/mode/2up/
 | pages=42–43 | access-date=2024-01-10}}</ref>

<ref name=al-Biruni>{{MacTutor Biography
 | id=Al-Biruni | title=Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni }}</ref>

<ref name=Kant_1755>{{cite book
 | title=Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels
 | trans-title=Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens
 | first=Immanuel | last=Kant |author-link=Immanuel Kant | date=November 20, 2016
 | publication-place=[[Königsberg]] and [[Leipzig]]
 | publisher=Johann Friederich Petersen | isbn=978-3-89131-002-1 | orig-date=1755
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCcaAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120195036/https://books.google.com/books?id=nCcaAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 |archive-date=November 20, 2016}}
{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829071546/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/kant/kant2e.htm|date=August 29, 2014|title=English translation by Ian Johnstone available}}</ref>

<ref name=Herschel_1785>{{cite book
 | title=Giving Some Accounts of the Present Undertakings, Studies, and Labours, of the Ingenious, in Many Considerable Parts of the World
 | first=William | last=Herschel |author-link=William Herschel
 | series=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
 | volume=75 | year=1785 | location=London | pages=213–266
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IU9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA213
 | chapter=XII. On the Construction of the Heavens
 | chapter-url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/75/213.full.pdf+html
 | doi=10.1098/rstl.1785.0012 | issn=0261-0523
 | access-date=January 27, 2016 | archive-date=November 20, 2016
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120170623/https://books.google.com/books?id=IU9FAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA213
 | s2cid=186213203 | url-status=live }} Herschel's diagram of the galaxy appears immediately after p. 266.</ref>

<ref name=Trimble_1999>{{cite journal
 | title=Robert Trumpler and the (Non)transparency of Space
 | last1=Trimble | first1=V.
 | journal=[[Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society]]
 | volume=31 | issue=31 | page=1479 | year=1999
 | bibcode=1999AAS...195.7409T }}</ref>

<ref name="SPC-20220211">{{cite web
 | title=How many stars are in the universe? - Can we estimate the total number of stars?
 | last1=Howell | first1=Elizabeth | last2=Harvey | first2=Ailsa
 | date=11 February 2022 | website=[[Space.com]]
 | url=https://www.space.com/26078-how-many-stars-are-there.html
 | accessdate=16 July 2022 }}</ref>

<ref name="obspm">{{cite web
 | last1=Frommert |first1=Hartmut
 | last2=Kronberg |first2=Christine
 | title=Abd-al-Rahman Al Sufi (December 7, 903&nbsp;– May 25, 986 A.D.)
 | publisher=[[Observatoire de Paris]]
 | url=http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/Bios/alsufi.html
 | access-date=April 19, 2007 | archive-date=April 16, 2007
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416144810/http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/Bios/alsufi.html
 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="obspm2">{{cite web
 | last1=Frommert |first1=Hartmut
 | last2=Kronberg |first2=Christine
 | title=The Large Magellanic Cloud, LMC | date=Mar 11, 2004
 | url=http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/ngc/lmc.html|publisher=[[Observatoire de Paris]]
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622160536/http://messier.obspm.fr/xtra/ngc/lmc.html
 | archive-date=June 22, 2017 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Gordon2002">{{cite journal
 | title=History of our Understanding of a Spiral Galaxy: Messier 33
 | last=Gordon | first=Kurtiss J.
 | journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | volume=10
 | url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March02/Gordon/paper.pdf
 | year = 1969
 | pages = 293–307
 | archive-date=April 26, 2021
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426125751/http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March02/Gordon/paper.pdf
 | url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="our_galaxy">{{cite web
 | title=Our Galaxy | date=November 24, 1998
 | last1=Evans |first1=J. C. | publisher=[[George Mason University]]
 | url=http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch20_txt.htm
 | access-date=January 4, 2007 | url-status=dead
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030924183332/http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch20_txt.htm
 | archive-date=September 24, 2003 }}</ref>

<ref name=Dyson_1979>See text quoted from Wright's ''An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe'' in {{Cite book
 | title=Disturbing the Universe | page=245
 | last=Dyson | first=Freeman J. |author-link=Freeman Dyson | date=1979
 | publisher=[[Pan Books]] | isbn=978-0-330-26324-5
 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOlOPgAACAAJ
 | access-date=July 25, 2018 | url-status=live
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324071314/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOlOPgAACAAJ
 | archive-date=March 24, 2021 }}</ref>

<ref name=Slipher_1913>{{cite journal
 | title=The radial velocity of the Andromeda Nebula
 | last1=Slipher | first1=Vesto. M.
 | author-link1 = Vesto Slipher
 | journal=Lowell Observatory Bulletin
 | volume=1 |issue=8 | date=1913 | pages=56–57
 | bibcode=1913LowOB...2...56S }}</ref>

<ref name=Slipher_1915>{{cite magazine
 | last=Slipher | first=Vesto M.
 | author-link1 = Vesto Slipher
 | title=Spectrographic Observations of Nebulae
 | magazine=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]]
 | volume=23 | pages=21–24 | date=1915
 | bibcode=1915PA.....23...21S }}</ref>

<ref name="Lauer">{{cite journal
 | title=New Horizons Observations of the Cosmic Optical Background
 | last1=Lauer | first1=Tod R. | last2=Postman | first2=Marc
 | last3=Weaver | first3=Harold A. | last4=Spencer | first4=John R.
 | last5=Stern | first5=S. Alan | last6=Buie | first6=Marc W.
 | last7=Durda | first7=Daniel D. | last8=Lisse | first8=Carey M.
 | last9=Poppe | first9=A. R. | last10=Binzel | first10=Richard P.
 | last11=Britt | first11=Daniel T. | last12=Buratti | first12=Bonnie J.
 | last13=Cheng | first13=Andrew F. | last14=Grundy | first14=W. M.
 | last15=Horányi | first15=Mihaly | last16=Kavelaars | first16=J. J.
 | last17=Linscott | first17=Ivan R. | last18=McKinnon | first18=William B.
 | last19=Moore | first19=Jeffrey M. | last20=Núñez | first20=J. I.
 | last21=Olkin | first21=Catherine B. | last22=Parker | first22=Joel W.
 | last23=Porter | first23=Simon B. | last24=Reuter | first24=Dennis C.
 | last25=Robbins | first25=Stuart J. | last26=Schenk | first26=Paul
 | last27=Showalter | first27=Mark R. | last28=Singer | first28=Kelsi N.
 | last29=Verbiscer | first29=Anne J. | last30=Young | first30=Leslie A.
 | display-authors=1 | journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
 | date=11 January 2021 | volume=906 | issue=2 | page=77
 | doi=10.3847/1538-4357/abc881 | language=en | issn=1538-4357
 | arxiv=2011.03052 | bibcode=2021ApJ...906...77L | hdl=1721.1/133770
 | s2cid=226277978 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
}} <!-- End: refs= -->