Editing Epilepsy (section)

=== Economic impact ===
Epilepsy is associated with a substantial economic burden at both the individual and societal levels. Direct costs include expenses related to diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management, such as antiseizure medications and hospitalizations. Indirect costs may arise from lost productivity, unemployment, and premature death. In many countries, especially those with limited health infrastructure, individuals with epilepsy and their families often bear the majority of healthcare expenses out of pocket. A 2021 modeling study estimated the total global cost of epilepsy at approximately $119.27&nbsp;billion annually, based on per capita cost projections applied to an estimated 52.51 million people living with epilepsy worldwide, while accounting for the treatment gap.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Begley |first=Charles |last2=Wagner |first2=Ryan G |last3=Abraham |first3=Annette |last4=Beghi |first4=Ettore |last5=Newton |first5=Charles |last6=Kwon |first6=Churl Su |last7=Labiner |first7=David |last8=Winkler |first8=Andrea S. |date=2022 |title=The global cost of epilepsy: A systematic review and extrapolation |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/epi.17165 |journal=Epilepsia |language=en |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=892–903 |doi=10.1111/epi.17165 |issn=0013-9580}}</ref> The treatment gap — referring to the proportion of people with epilepsy who do not receive appropriate care — remains high in low- and middle-income countries, exacerbating the economic burden through avoidable seizures, injuries, and emergency care.
Seizures result in direct economic costs of about one billion dollars in the United States.<ref name="AFP2012" /> Epilepsy resulted in economic costs in Europe of around 15.5&nbsp;billion euros in 2004.<ref name="National Clinical Guideline 21_28" /> In India, epilepsy is estimated to result in costs of US$1.7&nbsp;billion or 0.5% of the GDP.<ref name="WHO2012" /> It is the cause of about 1% of emergency department visits (2% for emergency departments for children) in the United States.<ref name="pmid21109099">{{cite journal | vauthors = Martindale JL, Goldstein JN, Pallin DJ | title = Emergency department seizure epidemiology | journal = Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–27 | date = February 2011 | pmid = 21109099 | doi = 10.1016/j.emc.2010.08.002 }}</ref>