Editing Epigenetics (section)

===Examples of drugs altering gene expression from epigenetic events===
{{See also|Epigenetic Priming|label 1=Epigenetic Priming}}

The use of beta-lactam [[antibiotics]] can alter glutamate receptor activity and the action of cyclosporine on multiple transcription factors. Additionally, [[lithium]] can impact autophagy of aberrant proteins, and [[opioid]] drugs via chronic use can increase the expression of genes associated with addictive phenotypes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Anderson SJ, Feye KM, Schmidt-McCormack GR, Malovic E, Mlynarczyk GS, Izbicki P, Arnold LF, Jefferson MA, de la Rosa BM, Wehrman RF, Luna KC, Hu HZ, Kondru NC, Kleinhenz MD, Smith JS, Manne S, Putra MR, Choudhary S, Massey N, Luo D, Berg CA, Acharya S, Sharma S, Kanuri SH, Lange JK, Carlson SA | title = Off-Target drug effects resulting in altered gene expression events with epigenetic and "Quasi-Epigenetic" origins | journal = Pharmacological Research | volume = 107 | pages = 229–233 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27025785 | doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.028 }}</ref>

Parental [[nutrition]], in utero exposure to stress or [[Endocrine disruptor|endocrine disrupting chemicals]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Alavian-Ghavanini A, Rüegg J | title = Understanding Epigenetic Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: From Mechanisms to Novel Test Methods | journal = Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology | volume = 122 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–45 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28842957 | doi = 10.1111/bcpt.12878 | doi-access = free }}</ref> male-induced maternal effects such as the attraction of differential mate quality, and maternal as well as paternal age, and offspring gender could all possibly influence whether a germline epimutation is ultimately expressed in offspring and the degree to which intergenerational inheritance remains stable throughout posterity.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.02862-5 |chapter=Persistence of Early-Life Stress on the Epigenome: Nonhuman Primate Observations☆ |title=Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology |year=2017 | vauthors = Coplan J, Chanatry ST, Rosenblum LA |isbn=9780128093245 }}</ref> However, whether and to what extent epigenetic effects can be transmitted across generations remains unclear, particularly in humans.<ref name="PlominDeFries2012">{{cite book | vauthors = Plomin R, DeFries JC, Knopik VS, Neiderhiser JM | title = Behavioral Genetics | edition = Seventh | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OytMMAEACAAJ | date = 2017 | publisher = Worth Publishers | isbn = 978-1-4292-4215-8 | pages = 152–153 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Heard E, Martienssen RA | title = Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms | journal = Cell | volume = 157 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–109 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24679529 | pmc = 4020004 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2014.02.045 | doi-access = free }}</ref>