Editing Cotton (section)

=== Morphology ===
Cotton has a more complex structure among the other crops. A [[Cotton Maturity|matured]] cotton fiber is a single, elongated complete dried multilayer cell that develops in the surface layer of cottonseed. It has the following parts.<ref name="Karmakar-1999">{{cite book |last1=Karmakar |first1=S. R. |title=Chemical Technology in the Pre-Treatment Processes of Textiles |date=1999 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-053947-8 |pages=3, 4, 5 }}</ref>

# The cuticle is the outer most layer. It is a waxy layer that contains [[pectin]]s and [[protein]]aceous materials.<ref name="Wakelyn-2006">{{cite book |last1=Wakelyn |first1=Phillip J. |last2=Bertoniere |first2=Noelie R. |last3=French |first3=Alfred D. |last4=Thibodeaux |first4=Devron P. |last5=Triplett |first5=Barbara A. |last6=Rousselle |first6=Marie-Alice |last7=Goynes |first7=Wilton R. |last8=Edwards |first8=J. Vincent |last9=Hunter |first9=Lawrance |last10=McAlister |first10=David D. |last11=Gamble |first11=Gary R. |title=Cotton Fiber Chemistry and Technology |date=15 December 2006 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-4588-8 |pages=24, 26, 30, 31, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63 }}</ref>
# The primary wall is the original thin cell wall. Primary wall is mainly [[cellulose]], it is made up of a network of fine fibrils (small strands of cellulose).<ref name="Wakelyn-2006" />
# The winding layer is the first layer of secondary thickening it is also called the S1 layer. It is different in structure from both the primary wall and the remainder of the secondary wall. It consists of fibrils aligned at 40 to 70-degree angles to the fiber axis in an open netting type of pattern.<ref name="Wakelyn-2006" />
# The secondary wall consists of concentric layers of cellulose it is also called the S2 layer, that constitute the main portion of the cotton fiber. After the fiber has attained its maximum diameter, new layers of cellulose are added to form the secondary wall. The fibrils are deposited at 70 to 80-degree angles to the fiber axis, reversing angle at points along the length of the fiber.<ref name="Wakelyn-2006" />
# The lumen is the hollow canal that runs the length of the fiber. It is filled with living protoplasm during the growth period. After the fiber matures and the boll opens, the protoplast dries up, and the lumen naturally collapses, leaving a central void, or pore space, in each fiber. It separates the secondary wall from the lumen and appears to be more resistant to certain reagents than the secondary wall layers. The lumen wall also called the S3 layer.<ref name="Wakelyn-2006" /><ref>{{Google books|k9AHEAAAQBAJ|Cotton Fiber Composition|page=83}} in {{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-981-15-9169-3_5 |chapter=Physical Structure, Properties and Quality of Cotton |title=Cotton Science and Processing Technology |series=Textile Science and Clothing Technology |year=2020 |last1=Wang |first1=Hua |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Muhammad Qasim |last3=Memon |first3=Hafeezullah |pages=79–97 |isbn=978-981-15-9168-6 |s2cid=229189581 }}</ref><ref name="Karmakar-1999" />

==== Dead cotton ====
[[Dead cotton]] is a term that refers to unripe cotton fibers that do not absorb [[dye]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manufacturers |first=National Association of Wool |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nERQAAAAYAAJ&dq=dead+cotton&pg=PA325 |title=Bulletin |date=1893 |publisher=National Association of Wool Manufacturers |page=325 |language=en}}</ref> Dead cotton is [[Cotton maturity|immature cotton]] that has poor dye affinity and appears as white specks on a [[Dyeing|dyed]] fabric. When cotton fibers are analyzed and assessed through a microscope, dead fibers appear differently. Dead cotton fibers have thin cell walls. In contrast, mature fibers have more cellulose and a greater degree of cell wall thickening<ref name="Crum-1863">{{Cite book |last=Crum |first=Walter |url=http://archive.org/details/oncottonfibreonm00crum |title=On the cotton fibre and on the manner in which it unites with colouring matter |date=1863 |publisher=Glasgow : Bell & Bain |others=Getty Research Institute |page=11}}</ref>