Editing Cornwall (section)

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Cornwall}}
[[File:FalmouthDocks.jpg|thumb|right|Falmouth Docks is the major port of Cornwall, and one of the largest [[natural harbour]]s in the world]]
[[File:Eden project1.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Eden Project]] near St Austell, Cornwall's largest tourist attraction in terms of visitor numbers]]
Cornwall is one of the poorest parts of the United Kingdom in terms of per capita GDP and average household incomes. At the same time, parts of the county, especially on the coast, have high house prices, driven up by demand from relatively wealthy retired people and second-home owners.<ref name=Indypoverty>{{cite news|last=Dugan|first=Emily|title=Cornwall: A land of haves, and have nots|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/cornwall-a-land-of-haves-and-have-nots-878274.html|access-date=15 May 2013|newspaper=The Independent|location=London|date=27 July 2008|archive-date=24 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224222419/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/cornwall-a-land-of-haves-and-have-nots-878274.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Gross value added|GVA]] per head was 65% of the UK average for 2004.<ref>ONS December 2006</ref> The GDP per head for Cornwall and the [[Isles of Scilly]] was 79.2% of the EU-27 average for 2004, the UK per head average was 123.0%.<ref>Eurostat</ref> In 2011, the latest available figures, Cornwall's (including the Isles of Scilly) measure of wealth was 64% of the European average per capita.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Cornwall-economy-slips-fight-Europe-s-poorest/story-21063726-detail/story.html |title=Cornwall economy slips back in fight with Europe's poorest |newspaper=Western Morning News |date=7 May 2014 |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511212356/http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Cornwall-economy-slips-fight-Europe-s-poorest/story-21063726-detail/story.html |archive-date=11 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Historically [[Mining in Cornwall and Devon|mining of tin]] (and later also of copper) was important in the Cornish economy. The first reference to this appears to be by Pytheas: ''see above''. [[Julius Caesar]] was the last classical writer to mention the [[tin]] trade, which appears to have declined during the Roman occupation.<ref>Halliday (1959), p. 69.</ref> The tin trade revived in the Middle Ages and its importance to the Kings of England resulted in certain privileges being granted to the tinners; the [[Cornish rebellion of 1497]] is attributed to grievances of the tin miners.<ref>Halliday (1959), p. 182.</ref> In the mid-19th century, however, the tin trade again fell into decline. Other [[primary sector]] [[Industry (economics)|industries]] that have declined since the 1960s include [[china clay]] production, fishing and farming.

Today, the Cornish economy depends heavily on its tourist industry, which makes up around a quarter of the economy. The official measures of deprivation and poverty at district and 'sub-ward' level show that there is great variation in poverty and prosperity in Cornwall with some areas among the poorest in England and others among the top half in prosperity. For example, the ranking of 32,482 sub-wards in England in the index of multiple deprivation (2006) ranged from 819th (part of Penzance East) to 30,899th (part of Saltash Burraton in Caradon), where the lower number represents the greater deprivation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cornwallstatistics.org.uk/index.cfm?articleid=35740|title=cornwallstatistics.org.uk|date=5 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105002441/http://www.cornwallstatistics.org.uk/index.cfm?articleid=35740|archive-date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty/Regional%20poverty_files/cornw/02SPA.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808101058/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/poverty/Regional%20poverty_files/cornw/02SPA.pdf|date=8 August 2007}}</ref>

Cornwall was one of two UK areas designated as 'less developed regions' by the [[European Union]], which, prior to [[Brexit]], meant the area qualified for EU Cohesion Policy grants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/information/cohesion-policy-achievement-and-future-investment/factsheet/united_kingdom_en.pdf | title = Cohesion Policy and the United Kingdom | date = October 2014 | publisher = [[European Union]] | access-date = 28 March 2016 | quote = For 2014–2020, the UK has been allocated around €11.8&nbsp;billion (current prices) in total Cohesion Policy funding: €2.6&nbsp;billion for less developed regions (Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, West Wales and the Valleys). | archive-date = 8 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160408213235/http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/information/cohesion-policy-achievement-and-future-investment/factsheet/united_kingdom_en.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> It was granted [[Regional policy of the European Union|Objective 1]] status by the [[European Commission]] for 2000 to 2006,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marchmont.ac.uk/Documents/Projects/objective-1_cornwall/evidence-base.pdf |title=Impact Analysis: ESF Objective 1 Programme Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, 2000–2006 |date=March 2008 |website=[[University of Exeter]] |publisher=[[South West of England Regional Development Agency]] |access-date=27 March 2016 |quote=Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly (IoS) received Objective One status in 1999, primarily as a consequence of their low Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head (70.3% of the EU average). This resulted from a myriad of underlying socio-economic problems including the large number of people with relatively low levels of qualifications; with lack of basic skills beyond Level two being a particular problem. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407160350/http://www.marchmont.ac.uk/Documents/Projects/objective-1_cornwall/evidence-base.pdf |archive-date=7 April 2016 }}</ref> followed by further rounds of funding known as 'Convergence Funding' from 2007 to 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/315870Cornwall___Isles_of_Scilly_Convergence_Operational_Programme_2007-14.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/315870Cornwall___Isles_of_Scilly_Convergence_Operational_Programme_2007-14.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Convergence Programme for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Operational Programme 2007–13 |publisher=[[Department for Communities and Local Government]] |access-date=28 March 2016 |quote=The Convergence Programme for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly will succeed the current Objective One Programme, which has been delivered with great effect by the key stakeholders. A total of €458.1&nbsp;million has been allocated to the new Programme for 2007–13, which will be complemented by €196&nbsp;million of Convergence ESF funding to support learning and skills related activities. }}{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and 'Growth Programme' for 2014 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/business/europe/ | title = Cornwall Council – Business – Europe | date = 18 December 2015 | publisher = [[Cornwall Council]] | access-date = 28 March 2016 | quote = The Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Growth Programme is worth €603,706,863 (excluding technical assistance) and is made up of two main funding streams: European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) -The ERDF Programme is worth €452,780,147 and makes up 75% of the Programme allocation and European Social Fund (ESF) – The ESF Programme is worth €150,926,716 and makes up 25% of the Programme allocation. | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160325225534/http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/business/europe/ | archive-date = 25 March 2016}}</ref>

===Tourism===
[[File:Cliffs at Bedruthan.jpg|thumb|The cliffs at Bedruthan]]
Cornwall has a tourism-based seasonal economy which is estimated to contribute up to{{clarify|date=June 2018}} 24% of Cornwall's gross domestic product.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://db.cornwall.gov.uk/ltp/marchannex2/chapter_57.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615022352/http://db.cornwall.gov.uk/ltp/marchannex2/chapter_57.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2008 |title=Home Page – Cornwall Council |publisher=Db.cornwall.gov.uk |access-date=2 November 2015 }}</ref> In 2011 tourism brought £1.85&nbsp;billion into the Cornish economy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Tourist-earnings-pound-9bn-Devon-Cornwall/story-17646443-detail/story.html |title=Tourist earnings top £9bn in Devon and Cornwall |newspaper=Western Morning News |date=21 December 2012 |access-date=2 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614184548/http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Tourist-earnings-pound-9bn-Devon-Cornwall/story-17646443-detail/story.html |archive-date=14 June 2015 }}</ref> Cornwall's unique culture, spectacular landscape and mild climate make it a popular tourist destination, despite being somewhat distant from the United Kingdom's main centres of population. Surrounded on three sides by the [[English Channel]] and [[Celtic Sea]], Cornwall has many miles of beaches and cliffs; the [[South West Coast Path]] follows a complete circuit of both coasts. Other tourist attractions include moorland, country gardens, museums, historic and prehistoric sites, and wooded valleys. Five million tourists visit Cornwall each year, mostly drawn from within the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitcornwall.com/xsdbimgs/Tourism%20in%20Cornwall%202007.pdf |publisher=Visit Cornwall |date=2007 |title=Tourism in Cornwall 1992 to 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118012613/http://www.visitcornwall.com/xsdbimgs/Tourism%20in%20Cornwall%202007.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}. The total number of visitors to Cornwall includes those on business and visiting relatives.</ref> Visitors to Cornwall are served by the airport at [[Newquay]], whilst private jets, charters and helicopters are also served by [[Perranporth]] airfield; nightsleeper and daily rail services run between Cornwall, London and other regions of the UK.

Newquay and [[Porthtowan]] are popular destinations for surfers. In recent years, the [[Eden Project]] near [[St Austell]] has been a major financial success, drawing one in eight of Cornwall's visitors in 2004.<ref>Scottish Executive, 2004. ''[http://www.scottishexecutive.gov.uk/library5/education/lrcas-14.asp A literature review of the evidence base for culture, the arts and sport policy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051215135424/http://www.scottishexecutive.gov.uk/library5/education/lrcas-14.asp |date=15 December 2005 }}''.</ref>

In the summer of 2018, due to the recognition of its beaches and weather through social media and the marketing of travel companies, Cornwall received about 20 per cent more visitors than the usual 4.5&nbsp;million figure. The sudden rise and demand of tourism in Cornwall caused multiple traffic and safety issues in coastal areas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cornwall-struggling-visitors-tourism-weather-heat-social-media-a8488211.html|title=Heatwave leaves Cornwall so overcrowded it stops promoting beaches|work=The Independent|access-date=29 August 2018|language=en-GB|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829183926/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cornwall-struggling-visitors-tourism-weather-heat-social-media-a8488211.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2021, Cornwall was longlisted for the [[UK City of Culture]] 2025, but failed to make the March 2022 shortlist.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK City of Culture 2025 Shortlist Revealed |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-city-of-culture-2025-shortlist-revealed/ |website=Gov.UK|access-date=8 November 2022 }}</ref>

===Fishing===
[[File:Tin-mining-cornwall-c1890.jpg|thumb|right|Tin mines between Camborne and Redruth, {{Circa|1890}}]]
Other industries include [[Fishing in Cornwall|fishing]], although this has been significantly re-structured by EU fishing policies ({{as of|2010|lc=y}} the Southwest Handline Fishermen's Association has started to revive the fishing industry).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linecaught.org.uk/links.htm |title=Line-caught wild bass from Cornwall – South West Handline Fishermen's Association |publisher=Linecaught.org.uk |access-date=25 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505130533/http://linecaught.org.uk/links.htm |archive-date=5 May 2009 }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
Agriculture, once an important part of the Cornish economy, has declined significantly relative to other industries. However, there is still a strong dairy industry, with products such as Cornish [[clotted cream]].

===Mining===
{{main|Mining in Cornwall}}
{{see also|Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape}}
[[File:Levant-Mine-by-John-Gibson.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Levant Mine and Beam Engine|Levant Mine]] in St&nbsp;Just Mining District]]
Mining of tin and copper was also an industry, but today the derelict mine workings survive only as a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215 |title=Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |access-date=2 November 2015 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802132748/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1215 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the [[Camborne School of Mines]], which was relocated to [[Penryn Campus|Penryn]] in 2004, is still a world centre of excellence in the field of mining and applied geology<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uec.ac.uk/csm/ |title=The University of Exeter – Cornwall Campus – Camborne School of Mines |publisher=Uec.ac.uk |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704023815/http://www.uec.ac.uk/csm/ |archive-date=4 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the grant of World Heritage status has attracted funding for conservation and heritage tourism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/ |title=Home |publisher=Cornish-mining.org.uk |date=14 September 2010 |access-date=25 September 2010 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419164032/http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kaolinite|China clay]] extraction has also been an important industry in the St Austell area, but this sector has been in decline, and this, coupled with increased mechanisation, has led to a decrease in employment in this sector, although the industry still employs around 2,133 people in Cornwall, and generates over £80&nbsp;million to the local economy.<ref>Imerys Minerals Ltd (2003) ''Blueprint: Vision for the Future''</ref>

In March 2016, a Canadian company, Strongbow Exploration, had acquired, from administration, a 100% interest in the [[South Crofty]] tin mine and the associated mineral rights in Cornwall with the aim of reopening the mine and bringing it back to full production.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/strongbow-to-acquire-the-south-crofty-tin-project-cornwall-uk-tsx-venture-sbw-2107042.htm | title=Error | date=17 March 2016 | access-date=14 August 2019 | archive-date=21 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621143646/http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/strongbow-to-acquire-the-south-crofty-tin-project-cornwall-uk-tsx-venture-sbw-2107042.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Work is currently ongoing to build a water filtration plant in order to dewater the mine.

===Internet===
Cornwall is the landing point for twenty-two of the world's fastest high-speed undersea and transatlantic fibre optic cables, making Cornwall an important hub within Europe's Internet infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|title=Submarine Cable Map|url=https://www.submarinecablemap.com/|work=submarinecablemap.com|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=17 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017195838/https://www.submarinecablemap.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Fiber to the x|Superfast Cornwall]] project completed in 2015,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Curtis|first1=Sophie|title=Cornwall claims 'half' of UK's direct fibre broadband links|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/broadband/10987711/Cornwall-claims-half-of-UKs-direct-fibre-broadband-links.html|access-date=18 March 2016|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=24 July 2014|archive-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327151719/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/broadband/10987711/Cornwall-claims-half-of-UKs-direct-fibre-broadband-links.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and saw 95% of Cornish houses and businesses connected to a fibre-based broadband network, with over 90% of properties able to connect with speeds above 24&nbsp;Mbit/s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Superfast Cornwall Programme|url=http://www.superfastcornwall.org/programme|website=Superfast Cornwall|access-date=18 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321190026/http://www.superfastcornwall.org/programme|archive-date=21 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Aerospace===
The county's newest industry is aviation: [[Newquay Airport]] is the home of a growing business park with Enterprise Zone status, known as Aerohub. Also a space launch facility, [[Spaceport Cornwall]], has been established at Newquay, in partnership with Goonhilly satellite tracking station near Helston in south Cornwall.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rossiter |first=Keith |date=17 July 2018 |title=Aerohub to push ahead with satellite launches |newspaper=The Western Morning News |page=6 |quote=Backers of the Spaceport Cornwall project said they had reached an agreement with Virgin boss Richard Branson to launch from Newquay Airport. Virgin Orbit will use a modified Boeing 747 to put satellites into low Earth orbit ... A partnership involving Cornwall Airport Newquay, Goonhilly Earth Station and ... has been bidding for Government cash to create a spaceport ... Newquay has a very long runway, a growing airport with national and international connections and easy access to uncongested airspace over the Atlantic. Its Aerohub Enterprise Zone offers hundreds of acres for developing the business and manufacturing that will support the spaceport.}}</ref>