Editing Cognitive dissonance (section)

=== The psychology of mental stress ===
The results reported in ''The Origins of Cognitive Dissonance: Evidence from Children and Monkeys'' (Egan, Santos, Bloom, 2007) indicated that there might be [[Evolution|evolutionary force]] behind the reduction of cognitive dissonance in the actions of pre-school-age children and [[Capuchin monkey]]s when offered a choice between two like options, decals and candies. The groups then were offered a new choice, between the choice-object not chosen and a novel choice-object that was as attractive as the first object. The resulting choices of the human and simian subjects concorded with the theory of cognitive dissonance when the children and the monkeys each chose the novel choice-object instead of the choice-object not chosen in the first selection, despite every object having the same value.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Egan LC, Santos LR, Bloom P | title = The origins of cognitive dissonance: evidence from children and monkeys | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 18 | issue = 11 | pages = 978–983 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17958712 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02012.x | s2cid = 535289 }}</ref>

The hypothesis of ''An Action-based Model of Cognitive-dissonance Processes''<ref name=Harmon-JonesLevy2015>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C, Levy N |s2cid=37492284|date=June 2015|title=An Action-Based Model of Cognitive-Dissonance Processes|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|volume=24|issue=3|pages=184–189|doi=10.1177/0963721414566449}}</ref> (Harmon-Jones, Levy, 2015) proposed that psychological dissonance occurs consequent to the stimulation of thoughts that interfere with a goal-driven behavior. Researchers mapped the neural activity of the participant when performing tasks that provoked [[psychological stress]] when engaged in contradictory behaviors. A participant read aloud the printed name of a color. To test for the occurrence of cognitive dissonance, the name of the color was printed in a color different from the word read aloud by the participant. As a result, the participants experienced increased neural activity in the [[anterior cingulate cortex]] when the experimental exercises provoked psychological dissonance.<ref name=Harmon-JonesLevy2015/>

The study ''Cognitive Neuroscience of Social Emotions and Implications for Psychopathology: Examining Embarrassment, Guilt, Envy, and Schadenfreude''<ref name=JankowskiTakahashi2014>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jankowski KF, Takahashi H | title = Cognitive neuroscience of social emotions and implications for psychopathology: examining embarrassment, guilt, envy, and schadenfreude | journal = Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences | volume = 68 | issue = 5 | pages = 319–336 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24649887 | doi = 10.1111/pcn.12182 | s2cid = 30509785 | doi-access = free }}</ref> (Jankowski, Takahashi, 2014) identified neural correlations to specific social emotions (e.g. envy and embarrassment) as a measure of cognitive dissonance. The neural activity for the emotion of [[Envy]] (the feeling of displeasure at the good fortune of another person) was found to draw neural activity from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. That such increased activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex occurred either when a person's [[self-concept]] was threatened or when the person experienced embarrassment (social pain) caused by salient, upward social-comparison, by social-class [[snobbery]]. That social emotions, such as embarrassment, guilt, envy, and ''Schadenfreude'' (joy at the misfortune of another person) are correlated to reduced activity in the [[insular lobe]], and with increased activity in the [[Striatum|striate nucleus]]; those neural activities are associated with a reduced sense of [[empathy]] (social responsibility) and an increased propensity towards antisocial behavior (delinquency).<ref name=JankowskiTakahashi2014/>