Editing Carl Jung (section)

==Legacy==
The [[Myers–Briggs Type Indicator]] (MBTI), a [[personality psychology|psychometric instrument]] mostly popular with non-psychologists, as well as the concepts of [[socionics]], were developed from Jung's model of [[psychological types]]. The MBTI is considered [[pseudoscience]]<ref>Thyer, Bruce A.; Pignotti, Monica (2015). Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice. Springer Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8261-7768-1</ref> and is not widely accepted by researchers in the field of psychology.<ref>Bailey, Richard P.; Madigan, Daniel J.; Cope, Ed; Nicholls, Adam R. (2018). "The Prevalence of Pseudoscientific Ideas and Neuromyths Among Sports Coaches". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 641. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00641. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5941987. PMID 29770115.</ref>

Jung is considered a "godparent" of the altruistic, mutual self-help movement, [[Alcoholics Anonymous]].<ref name="Sikorsky Jr. 1990">{{Cite book |last=Sikorsky (Jr.) |first=Igor I. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1tiXAAAACAAJ |title=AA's Godparents: Three Early Influences on Alcoholics Anonymous and Its Foundation, Carl Jung, Emmet Fox, Jack Alexander |date=1990 |publisher=CompCare Publishers |isbn=978-0-89638-199-5 |language=en}}</ref> Jung told Rhode Island businessman and politician [[Rowland Hazard III|Rowland Hazard]] III, who had come under his care for the first time in 1926, that the only chance he might have to recover was through a "spiritual or religious experience" or "genuine conversion," which Hazard later had, through the [[Oxford Group]] and the [[Emmanuel Movement]], and, according to some sources, never drank again.<ref>Dubiel, R. M. (2004) ''The Road to Fellowship: The Role of the Emmanuel Movement and the Jacoby Club in the Development of Alcoholics Anonymous.'' New York: iUniverse. {{ISBN|0-595-30740-X}}, 191 pp.</ref><ref>Bluhm AC. Verification of C. G. Jung's analysis of Rowland Hazard and the history of Alcoholics Anonymous. Hist Psychol. 2006 Nov;9(4):313-24. doi: 10.1037/1093-4510.9.4.313. PMID 17333633.</ref>

Hazard, in turn, helped [[Ebby Thacher|Ebby Thatcher]], another alcoholic, get sober, with help from the Oxford Group. Thatcher brought Jung's ideas to a third alcoholic, [[Bill W.]], who consequently co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous with [[Bob Smith (doctor)|Dr. Bob]]. Years later, Bill W. corresponded with Jung, in 1961, thanking him for helping to inspire the organization. Of Hazard, the alcoholic who came under his care, Jung wrote: "His craving for alcohol was the equivalent, on a low level, of the spiritual thirst of our being for wholeness, expressed in medieval language: the union with God."<ref name="Sikorsky Jr. 1990"/>

Jung concludes his letter to Bill W.:

"You see, "alcohol" in Latin is ''spiritus'', and you use the same word for the highest religious experience as well as for the most depraving poison. The helpful formula therefore is: ''spiritus contra spiritum''."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-14 |title=Speaking of Jung – The Bill W. – Carl Jung Letters |url=https://speakingofjung.com/blog/2015/11/13/the-bill-w-carl-jung-letters |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Speaking of Jung |language=en-US}}</ref>

Jung saw the human psyche as "by nature religious" and made this idea a principal focus of his explorations. Jung is one of the best-known contemporary contributors to [[dream interpretation|dream analysis]] and symbolization. His influence on popular psychology, the "psychologization of religion", [[spirituality]], and the [[New Age]] movement has been immense. A ''[[Review of General Psychology]]'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Jung as the 23rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century. The list however focused on U.S. journals and was made by the psychology department of [[Arkansas State University]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haggbloom |first1=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |last9=Powell |first9=John L. III |last10=Beavers |first10=Jamie |last11=Monte |first11=Emmanuelle |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. |journal=Review of General Psychology |year=2002 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx| display-authors= 8 |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913|s2cid=145668721 }}</ref>

Although psychoanalysis is still studied in the humanities, a 2008 study in ''The Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association'' found that psychology departments and textbooks treat it as "desiccated and dead".<ref name="y442">{{cite web | last=Cohen | first=Patricia | title=Freud Is Widely Taught at Universities, Except in the Psychology Department | website=The New York Times Web Archive | date=26 November 2007 | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/teachers/featured_articles/20071126monday.html | access-date=17 May 2025}}</ref> Similarly, Alan Stone noted, "As academic psychology becomes more 'scientific' and psychiatry more biological, psychoanalysis is being brushed aside."<ref name="o917">{{cite web | title=Original Address "Where Will Psychoanalysis Survive?" | last=Alan A. Stone, M.D. | date=9 December 1995 | url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/sites/default/files/html/1997/jf97/original.html | access-date=17 May 2025 | website=Harvard Magazine}}</ref>

In a 2024 book-length reappraisal of Jung’s theories entitled [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781032624549/carl-jung-evolutionary-sciences-gary-clark?refId=3029bbda-1429-4657-b560-47b1291c1fa9&context=ubx ''Carl Jung and the Evolutionary Sciences: A New Vision for Analytical Psychology''], it has been suggested that Jung was far ahead of his time in his evolutionary conception of the human mind. This thesis asserts that recent work in developmental biology, as well as experimental and psychedelic neuroscience, have provided empirical evidence that supports some of Jung’s central claims about the nature and evolution of consciousness. More specifically, trance states or altered states of consciousness (what Jung often referred to as the ''numinous'') have become a central concern in contemporary neuroscientific investigation of the nature and origins of consciousness. In this sense, as an evolutionary theorist of the mind, Jung was far ahead of his own time. It was only during the first decades of the 21st Century, as scientists began investigating altered, trance, and psychedelic states, that Jung’s far-seeing and wide-ranging theories found increasing support from the empirically based mind sciences. In this sense, the authors suggest audiences can appreciate how revolutionary and prescient Jung’s evolutionary conception of human psychology really was.<ref name="taylorfrancis.com"/>