Editing Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (section)

==History==
[[File:CDCHisGraph.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Timeline of ADHD diagnostic criteria, prevalence, and treatment]]
{{Main|History of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder}}

ADHD was officially known as '''attention deficit disorder''' ('''ADD''') from 1980 to 1987; prior to the 1980s, it was known as '''hyperkinetic reaction of childhood'''. Symptoms similar to those of ADHD have been described in medical literature dating back to the 18th century. Sir [[Alexander Crichton]] describes "mental restlessness" in his book ''An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement'' written in 1798.<ref>{{cite journal |date=May 2001 |title=An early description of ADHD (inattentive subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and 'Mental restlessness' (1798) |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=66–73 |journal=[[Child and Adolescent Mental Health]] |doi=10.1111/1475-3588.00324 |vauthors=Palmer ED, Finger S }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Crichton A |title=An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and a history of the passions and their effects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMAtAAAAYAAJ |via=Google Books |orig-date=1798 |date=1976 |publisher=AMS Press |location=United Kingdom |isbn=978-0-404-08212-3 |page=271 |access-date=17 January 2014 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403124410/https://books.google.com/books?id=OMATAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> He made observations about children showing signs of being inattentive and having the "fidgets". The first clear description of ADHD is credited to [[George Still]] in 1902 during a series of lectures he gave to the Royal College of Physicians of London.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Still G |date=1902 |title=Some Abnormal Psychical Conditions in Children: The Goulstonian Lectures |volume=159 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(01)74984-7 |journal=[[The Lancet]] |pages=1008–1012}}</ref><ref name="CDCTime2013">{{cite web |title=ADHD Throughout the Years |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/documents/timeline.pdf |publisher=Center For Disease Control and Prevention |access-date=2 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807202545/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/documents/timeline.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2013}}</ref>

The terminology used to describe the condition has changed over time and has included: ''minimal brain dysfunction'' in the DSM-I (1952), ''hyperkinetic reaction of childhood'' in the DSM-II (1968), and ''attention-deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity'' in the DSM-III (1980).<ref name="CDCTime2013" /> In 1987, the symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity were collectively combined to define the new diagnosis of ADHD,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lange |first1=Klaus W. |last2=Reichl |first2=Susanne |last3=Lange |first3=Katharina M. |last4=Tucha |first4=Lara |last5=Tucha |first5=Oliver |date=December 2010 |title=The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |journal=ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=241–255 |doi=10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8 |pmid=21258430 |issn=1866-6116 |pmc=3000907}}</ref> and in 1994 the DSM-IV in split the diagnosis into three subtypes: ADHD inattentive type, ADHD hyperactive-impulsive type, and ADHD combined type.<ref name="Millichap_2010_chap1">{{cite book |vauthors=Millichap JG |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAlq0CDcbaoC |via=Google Books |edition=2nd |date=2010 |publisher=Springer Science |isbn=978-1-4419-1396-8 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-1397-5_1 |lccn=2009938108 |pages=[{{google books|KAlq0CDcbaoC |page=2|plainurl=yes}} 2]–[{{google books|KAlq0CDcbaoC |page=3|plainurl=yes}} 3] |chapter=Definition and History of ADHD |access-date=8 May 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114133123/https://books.google.com/books?id=KAlq0CDcbaoC |url-status=live}}</ref> These terms were kept in the DSM-5 in 2013 and in the DSM-5-TR in 2022.<ref name=DSM5/><ref name=DSM5TR/> Prior to the DSM, terms included ''minimal brain damage'' in the 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Weiss M, Hechtman LT, Weiss G |title=ADHD in Adulthood: A Guide to Current Theory, Diagnosis, and Treatment |year=2001 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-8018-6822-1 |url={{google books|KuYvJBoB6vQC|plainurl=yes}} |chapter=ADHD in Adulthood: An Introduction |chapter-url={{google books|KuYvJBoB6vQC |page=1|plainurl=yes}} |pages=[{{google books|KuYvJBoB6vQC |page=34|plainurl=yes}} 34] |via=Google Books}}</ref>

ADHD, its diagnosis, and its treatment have been controversial since the 1970s.<ref name="May_2008" /><ref name="Foreman_2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Foreman DM |title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: legal and ethical aspects |journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=192–194 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16428370 |pmc=2082674 |doi=10.1136/adc.2004.064576}}</ref> For example, positions differ on whether ADHD is within the normal range of behaviour,<ref name="NICE2009-part2" /><ref name="Faraone_2005">{{cite journal |vauthors=Faraone SV |title=The scientific foundation for understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a valid psychiatric disorder |journal=[[European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15756510 |doi=10.1007/s00787-005-0429-z |s2cid=143646869}}</ref> and to degree to which ADHD is a genetic condition.<ref>{{cite news |vauthors=Boseley S |date=30 September 2010 |title=Hyperactive children may have genetic disorder, says study |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/sep/30/hyperactive-children-genetic-disorder-study |url-status=live |archive-date=8 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708164457/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/sep/30/hyperactive-children-genetic-disorder-study}}</ref> Other areas of controversy include the use of stimulant medications in children,<ref name="May_2008" /> the method of diagnosis, and the possibility of overdiagnosis.<ref name="Cormier_2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cormier E |title=Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review and update |journal=Journal of Pediatric Nursing |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=345–357 |date=October 2008 |pmid=18804015 |doi=10.1016/j.pedn.2008.01.003}}</ref> In 2009, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence states that the current treatments and methods of diagnosis are based on the dominant view of the academic literature.<ref name="NICE2009-Diagnosis">{{cite book |title=Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Management of ADHD in Children, Young People and Adults |author=National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health |series=NICE Clinical Guidelines |volume=72 |publisher=[[British Psychological Society]] |location=Leicester |isbn=978-1-85433-471-8 |date=2009 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/ |chapter=Diagnosis |pages=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53659/#ch5.s40 116–7], [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53659/#ch5.s42 119] |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53659/ |via=NCBI Bookshelf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113133612/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53652/ |archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref>

Once neuroimaging studies were possible, studies in the 1990s provided support for the pre-existing theory that neurological differences (particularly in the [[frontal lobe]]s) were involved in ADHD. A genetic component was identified and ADHD was acknowledged to be a persistent, long-term disorder which lasted from childhood into adulthood.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Knee D, Tsuang MT |title=Family-genetic and psychosocial risk factors in DSM-III attention deficit disorder |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=526–533 |date=July 1990 |pmid=2387786 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199007000-00004}}</ref><ref name="Barkley_2006">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Fvt6X3Xd-UC&pg=PT51 |title=Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment |vauthors=Barkley R |publisher=Guilford |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-60623-750-2 |location=New York |pages=42–5 |access-date=19 July 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002044633/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Fvt6X3Xd-UC&pg=PT51#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> ADHD was split into the current three sub-types because of a field trial completed by Lahey and colleagues and published in 1994.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Newcorn J, Jensen P, Richters J |title=DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents |journal=[[The American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=151 |issue=11 |pages=1673–1685 |date=November 1994 |pmid=7943460 |doi=10.1176/ajp.151.11.1673 |lccn=22024537 |oclc=1480183 |eissn=1535-7228}}</ref> In 2021, global teams of scientists curated the International Consensus Statement compiling evidence-based findings about the disorder.<ref name="Faraone_2021" />

In 1934, Benzedrine became the first amphetamine medication approved for use in the United States.<ref name="Rasmussen_2006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasmussen N |title=Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929-1950 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]] |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=288–323 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16492800 |doi=10.1093/jhmas/jrj039 |s2cid=24974454}}</ref> Methylphenidate was introduced in the 1950s, and [[enantiopure]] dextroamphetamine in the 1970s.<ref name="CDCTime2013" /> The use of stimulants to treat ADHD was first described in 1937.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Patrick KS, Straughn AB, Perkins JS, González MA |title=Evolution of stimulants to treat ADHD: transdermal methylphenidate |journal=Human Psychopharmacology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19051222 |pmc=2629554 |doi=10.1002/hup.992}}</ref> Charles Bradley gave the children with behavioural disorders Benzedrine and found it improved academic performance and behaviour.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gross MD |title=Origin of stimulant use for treatment of attention deficit disorder |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=152 |issue=2 |pages=298–299 |date=February 1995 |pmid=7840374 |doi=10.1176/ajp.152.2.298b |lccn=22024537 |oclc=1480183 |eissn=1535-7228}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Brown W |date=1998 |title=Charles Bradley, M.D. |journal=[[American Journal of Psychiatry]] |issn=0002-953X |eissn=1535-7228 |lccn=22024537 |volume=155 |issue=7 |oclc=1480183 |page=968 |doi=10.1176/ajp.155.7.968}}</ref>