Editing Arabs (section)

== Genetics ==
{{see also|Genetic studies on Arabs|Genetic history of the Middle East}}
Arabs are genetically diverse, arising from admixture with indigenous peoples of pre-Islamic Middle East and North Africa, following the Islamic expansion.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Hajjej|first1=Abdelhafidh|last2=Almawi|first2=Wassim Y.|last3=Arnaiz-Villena|first3=Antonio|last4=Hattab|first4=Lasmar|last5=Hmida|first5=Slama|date=9 March 2018|title=The genetic heterogeneity of Arab populations as inferred from HLA genes|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=13|issue=3|pages=e0192269|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0192269|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5844529|pmid=29522542|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1392269H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Teebi|first1=Ahmad S.|last2=Teebi|first2=Saeed A.|date=2005|title=Genetic Diversity among the Arabs|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26679441|journal=Community Genetics|volume=8|issue=1|pages=21–26|doi=10.1159/000083333|jstor=26679441|pmid=15767750|s2cid=21134947|issn=1422-2795}}</ref> Genetic ancestry components related to the Arabian Peninsula display an increasing frequency pattern from west to east over North Africa. A similar frequency pattern exist across [[Northeast Africa|northeastern Africa]] with decreasing genetic affinities to groups of the Arabian Peninsula along the [[Nile|Nile river valley]] across [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan]] the more they go south.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Schlebusch|first1=Carina M.|last2=Jakobsson|first2=Mattias|date=31 August 2018|title=Tales of Human Migration, Admixture, and Selection in Africa|journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=405–428|doi=10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021759|pmid=29727585|s2cid=19155657|issn=1527-8204|doi-access=free}}</ref> This [[Cline (biology)|genetic cline]] of admixture is dated to the time of [[Arab migrations to the Maghreb|Arab expansion and immigration to the Maghreb]] and northeast Africa.<ref name=":3" /> Genetic research has indicated that Palestinian Arabs and [[Jews]] share common genetic ancestry and are closely related.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jews and Arabs Share Recent Ancestry|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/jews-and-arabs-share-recent-ancestry|access-date=8 June 2023|website=science.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 June 2020|title=Confirmed Cousins, Jews and Arabs Genetically and Anciently Linked|url=https://israelbetweenthelines.com/2020/06/04/confirmed-cousins-jews-and-arabs-genetically-and-anciently-linked/|access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Nebel2000">{{cite journal|last1=Nebel|first1=Almut|last2=Filon|first2=Dvora|last3=Weiss|first3=Deborah A.|last4=Weale|first4=Michael|last5=Faerman|first5=Marina|last6=Oppenheim|first6=Ariella|last7=Thomas|first7=Mark G.|date=December 2000|title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Nebel-HG-00-IPArabs.pdf|journal=Human Genetics|volume=107|issue=6|pages=630–641|doi=10.1007/s004390000426|pmid=11153918|s2cid=8136092|quote=According to historical records part, or perhaps the majority, of the Muslim Arabs in this country descended from local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century CE (Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981). These local inhabitants, in turn, were descendants of the core population that had lived in the area for several centuries, some even since prehistorical times (Gil 1992)... Thus, our findings are in good agreement with the historical record...}}</ref><ref name="Behar2010">{{cite journal|author1=Doron M. Behar|author2=Bayazit Yunusbayev|author3=Mait Metspalu|author4=Ene Metspalu|author5=Saharon Rosset|author6=Jüri Parik|author7=Siiri Rootsi|author8=Gyaneshwer Chaubey|author9=Ildus Kutuev |author10=Guennady Yudkovsky|author11=Elza K. Khusnutdinova|author12=Oleg Balanovsky|author13=Olga Balaganskaya|author14=Ornella Semino|author15=Luisa Pereira|date=July 2010|title=The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44657170|journal=Nature|volume=466|issue=7303|pages=238–242|bibcode=2010Natur.466..238B|doi=10.1038/nature09103|pmid=20531471|s2cid=4307824 |author20=Michael F. Hammer|author21=Karl Skorecki|author22=Richard Villems|author19=Tudor Parfitt|author18=Batsheva Bonne-Tamir|author16=David Comas|author17=David Gurwitz}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Atzmon|first1=G|display-authors=etal|year=2010|title=Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=86|issue=6|pages=850–859|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015|pmc=3032072|pmid=20560205}}</ref><ref>Nebel (2000), quote: By the fifth century CE, the majority of non-Jews and Jews had become Christians by conversion ([[Roberto Bachi|Bachi]] 1974). The first millennium CE was marked by the immigration of Arab tribes, reaching its climax with the Moslem conquest from the Arabian Peninsula (633–640 CE). This was followed by a slow process of Islamization of the local population, both of Christians and Jews (Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981). Additional minor demographic changes might have been caused by subsequent invasions of the Seljuks, Crusaders, Mongols, Mamelukes and Ottoman Turks. Recent gene-flow from various geographic origins is reflected, for example, in the heterogeneous spectrum of globin mutations among Israeli Arabs (Filon et al. 1994). Israeli and Palestinian Arabs share a similar linguistic and geographic background with Jews. (p. 631) According to historical records part, or perhaps the majority, of the Moslem Arabs in this country descended from local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century CE (Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981). These local inhabitants, in turn, were descendants of the core population that had lived in the area for several centuries, some even since prehistorical times (Gil 1992). On the other hand, the ancestors of the great majority of present-day Jews lived outside this region for almost two millennia. Thus, our findings are in good agreement with historical evidence and suggest genetic continuity in both populations despite their long separation and the wide geographic dispersal of Jews.(p.637)</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Kalmar|first=Ivan|title=Is there a Judeo-Christian Tradition?|chapter=4. Jews, Cousins of Arabs: Orientalism, Race, Nation, And Pan-Nation in the Long Nineteenth Century|date=21 March 2016|pages=53–74|publisher=De Gruyter|doi=10.1515/9783110416596-005|isbn=978-3110416596|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Nebel 2001">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nebel A, Filon D, Brinkmann B, Majumder PP, Faerman M, Oppenheim A|date=November 2001|title=The Y chromosome pool of Jews as part of the genetic landscape of the Middle East|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=69|issue=5|pages=1095–112|doi=10.1086/324070|pmc=1274378|pmid=11573163}}</ref> According to a 2016 study, indigenous Arabs from the Arabian Peninsula are direct descendants of the first Eurasian populations established by [[Out of Africa migration]]s. They are also very distant from contemporary Eurasians although there is signal of European admixture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rodriguez-Flores|first1=Juan L.|last2=Fakhro|first2=Khalid|last3=Agosto-Perez|first3=Francisco|last4=D. Ramstetter|first4=Monica|date=2016|title=Indigenous Arabs are descendants of the earliest split from ancient Eurasian populations|journal=Genome Research|volume=26|issue=2|pages=151–162|doi=10.1101/gr.191478.115|pmid=26728717|pmc=4728368}}</ref>

Ancient DNA analysis has confirmed the genetic relationship between [[Natufians]] and other ancient and modern Middle Easterners and the broader West Eurasian meta-population (i.e. [[Genetic history of Europe|Europeans]] and [[Ganj Dareh|South-Central Asians]]). A 2021 study found that some modern Arab groups, such as [[Saudi Arabians]] and [[Yemenis]], derive most of their ancestry from local Natufian hunter-gatherers and have less [[Anatolian hunter-gatherers|Neolithic Anatolian]] ancestry than Levantines. The presence of [[Iranian hunter-gatherers|Neolithic Iranian]] ancestry among modern Arabs can be attributed to [[Pre-modern human migration|migrations]] during the [[Bronze Age]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Almarri |first1=Mohamed A. |last2=Haber |first2=Marc |last3=Lootah |first3=Reem A. |last4=Hallast |first4=Pille |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=The genomic history of the Middle East |journal=Cell |volume=184 |issue=18 |pages=4612–4625 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.013 |pmid=34352227 |pmc=8445022 }}</ref> The Natufian population displays also ancestral ties to Paleolithic [[Taforalt]] samples, the makers of the Epipaleolithic [[Iberomaurusian]] culture of the Maghreb.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salem |first=Nada |last2=van de Loosdrecht |first2=Marieke S. |last3=Sümer |first3=Arev Pelin |last4=Vai |first4=Stefania |last5=Hübner |first5=Alexander |last6=Peter |first6=Benjamin |last7=Bianco |first7=Raffaela A. |last8=Lari |first8=Martina |last9=Modi |first9=Alessandra |last10=Al-Faloos |first10=Mohamed Faraj Mohamed |last11=Turjman |first11=Mustafa |last12=Bouzouggar |first12=Abdeljalil |last13=Tafuri |first13=Mary Anne |last14=Manzi |first14=Giorgio |last15=Rotunno |first15=Rocco |date=2 April 2025 |title=Ancient DNA from the Green Sahara reveals ancestral North African lineage |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08793-7 |journal=Nature |language=en |pages=1–7 |doi=10.1038/s41586-025-08793-7 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free |pmc=12043513 }}</ref>