Editing Apostrophe (section)

===Miscellaneous uses in other languages===
*In [[Breton language|Breton]], the combination ''{{lang|br|cʼh}}'' is used for the consonant {{IPA|/x/}} (like ''ch'' in [[Scottish English]] ''Loch Ness''), while ''{{lang|br|ch}}'' is used for the consonant {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (as in French ''{{lang|fr|chat}}'' or English ''she'').
*In [[Czech language|Czech]], an apostrophe is used for writing to indicate spoken or informal language where the writer wants to express the natural way of informal speech, but it should not be used in formal text or text of a serious nature. E.g., instead of ''{{lang|cs|četl}}'' ('he read'), the word form ''{{lang|cs|čet'<nowiki />}}'' is used. ''{{lang|cs|Čet'}}'' is the informal variant of the verb form ''{{lang|cs|četl}}'', at least in some varieties.<ref>[http://cja.ujc.cas.cz/CJA4/files/04-0547.pdf Rostl, Četl, příč. min. sg. m.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094033/http://cja.ujc.cas.cz/CJA4/files/04-0547.pdf |date=20 December 2016}} cja.ujc.cas.cz Retrieved on 8 December 2016.</ref> These two words are the same in meaning, but to use the informal form gives the text a more natural tone, as though a friend were talking to you. Furthermore, the same as in the Slovak case below holds for lowercase ''t'' and ''d'', and for the two-digit year notation.
*In [[Finnish language|Finnish]], one of the [[consonant gradation]] patterns is the change of a ''k'' into a [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]], e.g. ''{{lang|fi|keko}}'' → ''{{lang|fi|keon}}'' ('a pile' → 'a pile's'). This hiatus has to be indicated in spelling with an apostrophe if a long vowel (represented by doubling (e.g. {{lang|fi|oo}}) or the final vowel of a diphthong (e.g. {{lang|fi|uo}}) would be immediately followed by the same vowel, e.g. ''{{lang|fi|ruoko}}'' → ''{{lang|fi|ruo'on}}'', ''{{lang|fi|vaaka}}'' → ''{{lang|fi|vaa'an}}''. (This is in contrast to compound words, where the problem of a vowel recurring over a syllable break is solved with a [[hyphen]], e.g. ''{{lang|fi|maa-ala}}'', 'land area'.) Similarly, the apostrophe is used to mark the [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] (contraction) that occurs in poetry, e.g. ''{{lang|fi|miss' on}}'' for ''{{lang|fi|missä on}}'' ('where is').
*[[Galician cuisine|Galician restaurants]] sometimes use ''{{'}}'' in their names following the standard article ''{{lang|gl|O}}'' ('the').<ref>[https://archive.today/20120908030006/http://www.paginasamarillas.es/resultados.asp?activ=Restaurantes+gallegos&nomb=O&prov=MADRID&pgpv=1&mode=listadirGalician Restaurantes gallegos, llamadas O en la provincia de Madrid]. paginasamarillas.es</ref>
*In [[Luganda|Ganda]], ''{{lang|lg|ng{{'}}}}'' (pronounced {{IPA|/ŋ/}}) is used in place of ''ŋ'' on keyboards where this character is not available. The apostrophe distinguishes it from the letter combination ''{{lang|lg|ng}}'' (pronounced {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}}), which has separate use in the language. Compare this with the Swahili usage below.
*In [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], the ''[[geresh]]'' (a diacritic similar to the apostrophe and often represented by one) is used for several purposes other than to mark an elision:
**As an adjacent to letters to show sounds that are not represented in the [[Hebrew alphabet]]: Sounds such as {{IPAslink|dʒ}} (English ''j'' as in ''job''), {{IPAslink|θ}} (English ''th'' as in ''thigh''), and {{IPAslink|tʃ}} (English ''ch'' as in ''check'') are indicated using ג, ת, and צ with a ''[[geresh]]'' (informally ''chupchik''). For example, the name ''George'' is spelled {{lang|he|ג׳ורג׳}} in Hebrew (with {{lang|he|ג׳}} representing the first and last consonants).
**To denote a [[Hebrew numerals|Hebrew numeral]] (e.g., {{lang|he|נ׳}}, which stands for '50')
**To denote a Hebrew letter which stands for itself (e.g., {{lang|he|מ׳}} – the letter ''[[mem]]'')
**[[Gershayim]] (a double geresh) to denote a Hebrew letter name (e.g., {{lang|he|למ״ד}} – the letter ''[[lamed]]'')
**Another (rarer) use of geresh is to denote the last syllable (which in some cases, but not all, is a [[suffix]]) in some words of [[Yiddish]] [[etymology|origin]] (e.g., {{lang|he|חבר׳ה, מיידל׳ה}}).
**In the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Early modern period]], gershayim were also used to denote foreign words, as well as a means of [[Emphasis (typography)|emphasis]].
* In Italian, an apostrophe is sometimes used as a substitute for a [[Grave accent|grave]] or an [[acute accent]]. This may be done after an initial E or an accented final vowel (when writing in all-capitals), or when the proper form of the letter is unavailable for technical reasons. So a sentence beginning {{lang|IT|È vero che ...}} ('It is true that...') may be written as {{lang|IT|E' vero che ...}}. This form is often seen in newspapers, as it is the only case of an accent above the [[cap height]] and its omission permits the text to be more closely spaced ([[leading]]). Less commonly, a forename like {{lang|IT|Niccolò}} might be rendered as ''Niccolo{{'}}'', or ''NICCOLO{{'}}''; ''perché'', as ''perche{{'}}'', or ''PERCHE{{'}}''. This applies only to machine or computer writing, in the absence of a suitable keyboard. 
* In [[Jèrriais]], one of the uses of the apostrophe is to mark [[gemination]], or consonant length: For example, ''{{lang|nrf|t't}}'' represents {{IPA|/tː/}}, ''{{lang|nrf|s's}}'' {{IPA|/sː/}}, ''{{lang|nrf|n'n}}'' {{IPA|/nː/}}, ''{{lang|nrf|th'th}}'' {{IPA|/ðː/}}, and ''{{lang|nrf|ch'ch}}'' {{IPA|/ʃː/}} (contrasted with {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ð/}}, and {{IPA|/ʃ/}}).
* In [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], the apostrophe is occasionally used to add a Lithuanized ending on an international word, e.g.- "parking'as", "Skype'as", "Facebook'as".
* In standard [[Lojban]] orthography, the apostrophe is a letter in its own right (called {{lang|jbo|y'y}} {{IPA|[əhə]}}) that can appear only between two vowels, and is phonemically realised as either [[voiceless glottal fricative|[h]]] or, more rarely, [[voiceless dental fricative|[θ]]].
*In [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] the apostrophe is sometimes used to represent the sound [[schwa]], which can be found on dialectal levels, but not in the Standard Macedonian.
*In [[Slovak language|Slovak]], the [[caron]] over lowercase ''t'', ''d'', ''l'', and uppercase ''L'' [[consonants]] resembles an apostrophe, for example, ''ď'', ''ť'', ''ľ'', and ''Ľ''. This is especially so in certain common typographic renderings. But it is non-standard to use an apostrophe instead of the caron. There is also ''l'' with an acute accent: ''ĺ'', ''Ĺ''. In Slovak the apostrophe is properly used only to indicate [[elision]] in certain words (''{{lang|sl|tys{{'}}}}'', as an abbreviated form of ''{{lang|sl|ty si}}'' ('you are'), or ''{{lang|sl|hor{{'}}}}'' for ''{{lang|sl|hore}}'' ('up')); however, these elisions are restricted to poetry (with a few exceptions). Moreover, the apostrophe is also used before a two-digit year number (to indicate the omission of the first two digits): ''{{lang|sl|{{'}}87}}'' (usually used for 1987).
* In [[Swahili language|Swahili]], an apostrophe after ''{{lang|sw|ng}}'' shows that there is no sound of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} after the {{IPA|/ŋ/}} sound; that is, that the ''{{lang|sw|ng}}'' is pronounced as in English ''singer'', not as in English ''finger''.
* In Switzerland, the apostrophe is used as [[thousands separator]] alongside the [[fixed space]] (e.g., 2'000'000 or {{val|2000000}} for two million) in all four [[languages of Switzerland|national languages]].
* In the new [[Uzbek alphabet|Uzbek Latin alphabet]] adopted in 2000, the apostrophe serves as a [[diacritic|diacritical mark]] to distinguish different phonemes written with the same letter: it differentiates ''{{lang|uz|o{{'}}}}'' (corresponding to Cyrillic ''[[Short U (Cyrillic)|ў]]'') from ''{{lang|uz|o}}'', and ''{{lang|uz|g{{'}}}}'' (Cyrillic ''[[Ghayn|ғ]]'') from ''{{lang|uz|g}}''. This avoids the use of special characters, allowing Uzbek to be typed with ease in ordinary [[ASCII]] on any Latin keyboard. In addition, a postvocalic apostrophe in Uzbek represents the glottal stop phoneme derived from Arabic ''[[hamza]]h'' or ''[[Ayin|'ayn]]'', replacing Cyrillic ''[[Yer|ъ]]''.
*In English [[Yorkshire dialect]], the apostrophe is used to represent the word ''the'', which is contracted to a more glottal (or 'unreleased') /t/ sound. Most users will write ''in t'barn'' ('in the barn'), ''on t'step'' ('on the step'); and those unfamiliar with Yorkshire speech will often make these sound like ''intuh barn'' and ''ontuh step''. A more accurate rendition might be ''in't barn'' and ''on't step'', though even this does not truly convey correct Yorkshire pronunciation as the ''t'' is more like a [[glottal stop]].
*In the [[pinyin]] (hànyǔ pīnyīn) system of [[romanization]] for [[Standard Chinese]], an apostrophe is often loosely said to separate syllables in a word where ambiguity could arise. Example: the standard romanization for the name of the city ''[[Xī'ān]]'' includes an apostrophe to distinguish it from a single-syllable word ''{{transliteration|cmn|xian}}''. More strictly, however, it is standard to place an apostrophe only before every ''a'', ''e'', or ''o'' that starts a new syllable after the first if it is not preceded by a hyphen or a dash. Examples: ''[[Tiananmen|Tiān'ānmén]]'', ''[[Yǎ'ān]]''; but simply ''[[Jǐnán]]'', in which the syllables are ''ji'' and ''nan'', since the absence of an apostrophe shows that the syllables are not ''jin'' and ''an'' (contrast ''[[Jīn'ān]]'').<ref>[http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/hanyu/apostrophes.html Apostrophes in Hanyu Pinyin: when and where to use them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731010900/http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/hanyu/apostrophes.html |date=31 July 2010}}. Pinyin.info. Retrieved on 7 April 2013.</ref> This is a kind of morpheme-separation marking (see [[#To separate morphemes|above]]).
*In the largely superseded [[Wade-Giles|Wade–Giles]] romanization for Standard Chinese, an apostrophe marks [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspiration]] of the preceding consonant sound. Example: in ''tsê'' (pinyin ''ze'') the consonant represented by ''ts'' is unaspirated, but in ''ts'ê'' (pinyin ''ce'') the consonant represented by ''ts{{'}}'' is aspirated. Some academic users of the system write this character as a [[spiritus asper]] ({{asper}} or {{wg-apos}}) or single left (opening) [[quotation mark]] (‘).
*In some systems of romanization for the Japanese, the apostrophe is used between [[Mora (linguistics)|moras]] in ambiguous situations, to differentiate between, for example, ''{{transliteration|ja|na}}'' and ''{{transliteration|ja|n}}''&nbsp;+&nbsp;''{{transliteration|ja|a}}''. (This is similar to the practice in Pinyin mentioned above.)
*In science fiction and fantasy, the apostrophe is often used in fictional names, sometimes to indicate a [[glottal stop]] (for example [[Mitth'raw'nuruodo]] in ''[[Star Wars]]''), but also sometimes simply for decoration.
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