Editing Violence (section)

== Epidemiology ==
[[File:Violence world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Estimates of [[disability-adjusted life year]]s from physical violence, per 100,000&nbsp;inhabitants in 2002.<ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |title=Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002 |url=https://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116174540/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/bodgbddeathdalyestimates.xls |archive-date=2013-01-16 |website=World Health Organization |format=xls}}</ref>{{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}
{{legend|#b3b3b3|No data}}
{{legend|#ffff65|<200}}
{{legend|#fff200|200–400}}
{{legend|#ffdc00|400–600}}
{{legend|#ffc600|600–800}}
{{legend|#ffb000|800–1,000}}
{{legend|#ff9a00|1,000–1,200}}
{{legend|#ff8400|1,200–1,400}}
{{legend|#ff6e00|1,400–1,600}}
{{legend|#ff5800|1,600–1,800}}
{{legend|#ff4200|1,800–2,000}}
{{legend|#ff2c00|2,000–3,000}}
{{legend|#cb0000|>3,000}}
{{div col end}}]]
[[File:Interpersonal violence world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deaths due to interpersonal violence per million persons in 2012 {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|0–8}}{{legend|#ffe820|9–16}}{{legend|#ffd820|17–24}}{{legend|#ffc020|25–32}}{{legend|#ffa020|33–54}}{{legend|#ff9a20|55–75}}{{legend|#f08015|76–96}}{{legend|#e06815|97–126}}{{legend|#d85010|127–226}}{{legend|#d02010|227–878}}{{div col end}}]]
As of 2010, all forms of violence resulted in about 1.34 million deaths up from about 1 million in 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last1=Lozano|first1=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0|first2=M|last3=Foreman|first3=K|last4=Lim|first4=S|last5=Shibuya|first5=K|last6=Aboyans|first6=V|last7=Abraham|first7=J|last8=Adair|first8=T|last9=Aggarwal|first9=R|last10=Ahn|first10=SY|last11=Alvarado|first11=M|last12=Anderson|first12=HR|last13=Anderson|first13=LM|last14=Andrews|first14=KG|last15=Atkinson|first15=C|last16=Baddour|first16=LM|last17=Barker-Collo|first17=S|last18=Bartels|first18=DH|last19=Bell|first19=ML|last20=Benjamin|first20=EJ|last21=Bennett|first21=D|last22=Bhalla|first22=K|last23=Bikbov|first23=B|last24=Bin Abdulhak|first24=A|last25=Birbeck|first25=G|last26=Blyth|first26=F|last27=Bolliger|first27=I|last28=Boufous|first28=S|last29=Bucello|first29=C|last30=Burch|first30=M|last2=Naghavi|pmc=10790329|display-authors=29|url=http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30050819/ortblad-globalandregional-2012.pdf|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30050819|s2cid=1541253|hdl-access=free|access-date=August 31, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801180652/http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30050819/ortblad-globalandregional-2012.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Suicide]] accounts for about 883,000, interpersonal violence for 456,000 and collective violence for 18,000.<ref name=Loz2012 /> Deaths due to collective violence have decreased from 64,000 in 1990.<ref name=Loz2012 />

By way of comparison, the 1.5 millions deaths a year due to violence is greater than the number of deaths due to tuberculosis (1.34 million), road traffic injuries (1.21 million), and malaria (830'000), but slightly less than the number of people who die from HIV/AIDS (1.77 million).<ref>[https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html "Global Burden of Disease, Disease and injury regional estimates"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |date=2010-12-24 }}, World Health Organization, 2008.</ref>

For every death due to violence, there are numerous nonfatal injuries. In 2008, over 16 million cases of non-fatal violence-related injuries were severe enough to require medical attention. Beyond deaths and injuries, forms of violence such as child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and elder maltreatment have been found to be highly prevalent.

=== Self-directed violence ===
In the last 45 years, suicide rates have increased by 60% worldwide.<ref name="Suicide">{{Cite web |title=Suicide |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/suicide |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Suicide is among the three leading causes of death among those aged 15–44 years in some countries, and the second leading cause of death in the 10–24 years age group.<ref>{{cite web |last1=World Health Organization |title=Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/131056/9789241564779_eng.pdf;jsessionid=35392AC9D454752889C2650049045812?sequence=1 |website=World Health Organization |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> These figures do not include suicide attempts which are up to 20 times more frequent than suicide.<ref name="Suicide"/> Suicide was the 16th leading cause of death worldwide in 2004 and is projected to increase to the 12th in 2030.<ref>[https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf "World Health Statistics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030212923/http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030212923/http://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-30 |url-status=live |date=2011-10-30 }} World Health Organization, 2008.</ref> Although suicide rates have traditionally been highest among the male elderly, rates among young people have been increasing to such an extent that they are now the group at highest risk in a third of countries, in both developed and developing countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=M. S. |date=2010 |title=Suicide Incidence and Epidemiology |journal=Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=77–82 |doi=10.4103/0253-7176.78501 |issn=0253-7176 |pmc=3122543 |pmid=21716862 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Interpersonal violence ===
Rates and patterns of violent death vary by country and region. In recent years, homicide rates have been highest in developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean and lowest in East Asia, the western Pacific, and some countries in northern Africa.<ref>[https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html "Global Burden of Disease"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224055121/http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates_regional/en/index.html |date=2010-12-24 }}, World Health Organization, 2008.</ref> Studies show a strong, inverse relationship between homicide rates and both economic development and economic equality. Poorer countries, especially those with large gaps between the rich and the poor, tend to have higher rates of homicide than wealthier countries. Homicide rates differ markedly by age and sex. Gender differences are least marked for children. For the 15 to 29 age group, male rates were nearly six times those for female rates; for the remaining age groups, male rates were from two to four times those for females.<ref>Rosenberg ML, Butchart A, Mercy J, Narasimhan V, Waters H, Marshall MS. Interpersonal violence. In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, Prabhat J, Mills A, Musgrove P (eds.) ''Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries'', 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C.: Oxford University Press and The World Bank, 2006: 755–70.</ref>

Studies in a number of countries show that, for every homicide among young people age 10 to 24, 20 to 40 other young people receive hospital treatment for a violent injury.<ref name=WHO2002/>

Forms of violence such as child maltreatment and intimate partner violence are highly prevalent. Approximately 20% of women and 5–10% of men report being sexually abused as children, while 25–50% of all children report being physically abused.<ref>WHO, [https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs150/en/index.html "Child maltreatment"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229124411/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs150/en/index.html |date=2011-12-29 }}, 2010.</ref> A WHO multi-country study found that between 15 and 71% of women reported experiencing physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner at some point in their lives.<ref>WHO, [https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html "Violence against women"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228151643/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/index.html |date=2011-12-28 }}, 2011.</ref>

=== Collective violence ===
Wars grab headlines, but the individual risk of dying violently in an armed conflict is today relatively low—much lower than the risk of violent death in many countries that are not suffering from an armed conflict. For example, between 1976 and 2008, [[African American]]s were victims of 329,825 homicides.<ref>{{cite web|title=Homicide trends in the United States |publisher=Bureau of Justice Statistics |url=http://www1.cj.msu.edu/~outreach/mvaa/Homicide/Homicide%20Trends%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010151657/http://www.cj.msu.edu/~outreach/mvaa/Homicide/Homicide%20Trends%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Homicide Victims by Race and Sex |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/law_enforcement_courts_prisons/crimes_and_crime_rates.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323173400/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/law_enforcement_courts_prisons/crimes_and_crime_rates.html |archive-date=2012-03-23 }}</ref> Although there is a widespread perception that war is the most dangerous form of armed violence in the world, the average person living in a conflict-affected country had a risk of dying violently in the conflict of about 2.0 per 100,000 population between 2004 and 2007. This can be compared to the average world homicide rate of 7.6 per 100,000 people. This illustration highlights the value of accounting for all forms of armed violence rather than an exclusive focus on conflict related violence. Certainly, there are huge variations in the risk of dying from armed conflict at the national and subnational level, and the risk of dying violently in a conflict in specific countries remains extremely high. In Iraq, for example, the direct conflict death rate for 2004–07 was 65 per 100,000 people per year and, in Somalia, 24 per 100,000 people. This rate even reached peaks of 91 per 100,000 in Iraq in 2006 and 74 per 100,000 in Somalia in 2007.<ref>Keith Krause, Robert Muggah, and Achim Wennmann, "Global Burden of Armed Violence," Geneva Declaration Secretariat, 2008.</ref>