Editing Shia Islam (section)

==Persecution of Shia Muslims==
{{main|Anti-Shiism|Shia–Sunni relations}}
{{further|Sectarian violence among Muslims|}}
[[File:Mausoleo de Shah Cheragh, Shiraz, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 32.jpg|thumb|249x249px|[[Shah Cheragh|Shāh Cherāgh]] in [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]], houses the mausoleums of the two sons of [[Musa al-Kazim]], the seventh [[Twelve Imams|Imam]] in [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shia Islam]] and a descendant of [[Muhammad]].]]
The history of [[Shia–Sunni relations|Shia–Sunnī relations]] has often involved [[religious discrimination]], [[Religious persecution|persecution]], and [[Religious violence#Islam|violence]], dating back to the earliest development of the two competing sects.
At various times throughout the history of Islam, [[Anti-Shiism|Shia groups and minorities have faced persecution perpetrated by Sunnī Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stevan Lars Nielson |author2=E. Thomas Dowd |title=The Psychologies in Religion: Working with the Religious Client|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PcKBtc8bymoC&pg=PA237|year=2006|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-8261-2857-7|page=237}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,30809-2523714,00.html | work=The Times | location=London | title=Hanging will bring only more bloodshed | date=30 December 2006 | access-date=23 May 2010 | first=Bronwen | last=Maddox | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029030344/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/ | archive-date=29 October 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/681/re2.htm |title=Al-Ahram Weekly &#124; Region &#124; Shiʻism or schism |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg |date=17 March 2004 |access-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404044349/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/681/re2.htm |archive-date=4 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/shia.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813160720/http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/shia.php |title=The Shia, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon |archive-date=13 August 2009}}</ref>

Militarily established and holding control over the Umayyad government, many Sunnī rulers perceived the Shias as a threat—both to their political and religious authority.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamfortoday.com/shia.htm |title=The Origins of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam |publisher=Islamfortoday.com |access-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126045119/http://www.islamfortoday.com/shia.htm |archive-date=26 January 2007}}</ref> The Sunnī rulers under the Umayyad dynasty sought to marginalize the Shia minority, and later the Abbasids turned on their Shia allies and imprisoned, persecuted, and killed them. The [[Anti-Shiism|persecution of Shia Muslims throughout history by their Sunnī co-religionists]] has often been characterized by [[Religious violence#Islam|brutal]] and [[Genocide|genocidal]] acts. Comprising only about 10–15% of the [[Islam by country|global Muslim population]],<ref name="PEW2009"/> Shia Muslims remain a marginalized community to this day in many Sunnī-dominant [[Arab world|Arab countries]], and are denied the rights to practice their religion and freely organize.<ref>Nasr, Vali (2006). ''The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future''. W.W. Norton & Company Inc. {{ISBN|978-0-393-06211-3}} pp. 52–53</ref>

In 1514, the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Ottoman dynasty|sultan]] [[Selim I]] (1512–1520) ordered the massacre of 40,000 [[Alevism|Alevis]] and [[Bektashi]] (Anatolian Shia Muslims).<ref>George C. Kohn (2007). ''Dictionary of Wars''. Infobase Publishing. p. 385. {{ISBN|0-8160-6577-2}}</ref> According to [[Jalal Al-e-Ahmad]], "Sultan Selim I carried things so far that he announced that the killing of one Shia had as much [[Afterlife#Islam|otherworldly reward]] as killing 70 [[Persecution of Christians|Christians]]."<ref>Al-e Ahmad, Jalal. ''Plagued by the West'' (''[[Gharbzadegi]]''), translated by Paul Sprachman. Delmor, NY: Center for Iranian Studies, [[Columbia University]], 1982.</ref> In 1802, the [[House of Saud|Al Saud]]-[[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] armies of the [[Ikhwan]] from the [[Emirate of Diriyah|First Saudi State]] (1727–1818) [[Wahhabi sack of Karbala|attacked and sacked the city of Karbala]], the Shia shrine in [[Najaf]] (eastern region of Iraq) that commemorates the martyrdom and death of [[Husayn ibn Ali|Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm |title=Saudi Arabia – The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]}}</ref>

During the rule of [[Saddam Hussein]]'s [[Ba'athist Iraq]], Shia political activists were arrested, tortured, expelled or killed, as part of a crackdown launched after an assassination attempt against Iraq's Deputy Prime Minister [[Tariq Aziz]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gritten|first1=David|title=Long path to Iraq's sectarian split|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4750320.stm|access-date=19 April 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=25 February 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727005418/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4750320.stm|archive-date=27 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Whitaker |first=Brian |date=25 April 2003 |title=Christian outsider in Saddam's inner circle |work=The Guardian |location=London, UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,943280,00.html |access-date=24 December 2007}}</ref> In March 2011, the [[Government of Malaysia|Malaysian government]] declared Shia Islam a "deviant" sect and banned Shia Muslims from promoting their faith to other Muslims, but left them free to practice it themselves privately.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/belief/minister-malaysian-shia-keep-your-beliefs-yourself|title= Malaysian government to Shia Muslims: Keep your beliefs to yourself|publisher= globalpost.com|access-date= 17 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140228011729/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/belief/minister-malaysian-shia-keep-your-beliefs-yourself|archive-date= 28 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/192853.pdf|title = Malaysia|work=International Religious Freedom Report|date=2011|publisher=United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor|access-date = 17 March 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170328212153/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/192853.pdf|archive-date = 28 March 2017|url-status = live}}</ref>

The most recent campaign of anti-Shia oppression was the [[Islamic State]] organization's [[Persecution of Shias by the Islamic State|persecution of Shias]] in its [[Territory of the Islamic State|territories]] in Northern Iraq,<ref name="Poljarevic 2021">{{cite book |author-last=Poljarevic |author-first=Emin |year=2021 |chapter=Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carole M. |editor1-link=Carole M. Cusack |editor2-last=Upal |editor2-first=Muhammad Afzal |editor2-link=Afzal Upal |title=Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=21 |doi=10.1163/9789004435544_026 |doi-access=free |isbn=978-90-04-43554-4 |issn=1874-6691 |pages=485–512}}</ref><ref name="Baele 2019">{{cite journal |last=Baele |first=Stephane J. |date=October 2019 |title=Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=Howard |journal=[[Journal of Language and Social Psychology]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=38 |issue=5–6 |pages=706–734 |doi=10.1177/0261927X19868494 |doi-access=free |hdl=10871/37355 |hdl-access=free |issn=1552-6526 |s2cid=195448888 }}</ref><ref name="Rickenbacher 2019">{{cite journal |last=Rickenbacher |first=Daniel |date=August 2019 |title=The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism |editor-last=Jikeli |editor-first=Gunther |journal=[[Religions (journal)|Religions]] |location=[[Basel]] |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=10 |issue=8: ''The Return of Religious Antisemitism?'' |page=483 |doi=10.3390/rel10080483 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-1444}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ghasemi |first=Faezeh |date=2020 |title=Anti-Shiism Discourse |publisher=[[University of Tehran]] |type=PhD |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342697889}}<br />{{bullet}}{{cite journal |first=Faezeh |last=Ghasemi |title=Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts |journal=Discourse |volume=11 |issue=3 |date=2017 |pages=75–96 |url=https://www.magiran.com/paper/1713990}}<br />{{bullet}}{{cite web |first=Toby |last=Matthiesen |title=The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement |date=21 July 2015 |work=Sada |publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=60799&lang=en}}</ref> which occurred alongside the persecution of various religious groups and the [[Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State|genocide of Yazidis]] by the same organization.<ref name="Poljarevic 2021"/><ref name="Rickenbacher 2019"/><ref name="Badara 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Badara |first1=Mohamed |last2=Nagata |first2=Masaki |date=November 2017 |title=Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective |journal=[[Arab Law Quarterly]] |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=31 |issue=4 |doi=10.1163/15730255-12314024 |doi-access=free |issn=1573-0255 |pages=305–335}}</ref><ref name="Bunzel 2015">{{cite journal |last=Bunzel |first=Cole |date=March 2015 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |title=From Paper State to Caliphate: The Ideology of the Islamic State |journal=The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World |volume=19 |pages=1–48 |publisher=[[Center for Middle East Policy]] ([[Brookings Institution]]) |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321022758/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2015/03/ideology-of-islamic-state-bunzel/The-ideology-of-the-Islamic-State.pdf?la=en |archive-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>