Editing Russian Civil War (section)

===Economic impact===
The civil war had a devastating impact on the Russian economy. A [[black market]] emerged in Russia, despite the threat of [[martial law]] against profiteering. The [[Russian ruble|ruble]] collapsed, with barter increasingly replacing money as a medium of exchange<ref name="DaviesHarrison1993">{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=R. W. |title=The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913–1945 |last2=Harrison |first2=Mark |last3=Wheatcroft |first3=S. G. |date=9 December 1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5214-5770-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7ULWRnskfr4C&pg=PA6 6]}}</ref> and, by 1921, heavy industry output had fallen to 20% of 1913 levels. 90% of wages were paid with goods rather than money.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921 |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft796nb4mj&chunk.id=d0e9364&toc.id=&brand=ucpress |access-date=27 October 2021 |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> 70% of locomotives needed repair,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Civil War - Intervention, Allies, Bolsheviks {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Civil-War/Foreign-intervention |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and food requisitioning, combined with the effects of seven years of war and a severe drought, contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls |url=http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#RCW |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=necrometrics.com}}</ref> Coal production decreased from 27.5 million tons (1913) to 7 million tons (1920), while overall factory production also declined from 10,000 million roubles to 1,000 million roubles. According to the noted historian David Christian, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Christian |first=David |title=Imperial and Soviet Russia |date=1997 |publisher=Macmillan Press |isbn=0-3336-6294-6 |location=London |page=236}}</ref>

[[War communism]] saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. Some peasants responded to [[Prodrazvyorstka|food requisitions]] by refusing to till the land. By 1921, cultivated land had shrunk to 62% of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37% of normal. The number of horses declined from 35&nbsp;million in 1916 to 24&nbsp;million in 1920 and cattle from 58 to 37&nbsp;million. The exchange rate with the US dollar declined from two [[roubles]] in 1914 to 1,200&nbsp;Rbls in 1920. Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-26 |title=The Soviet Union: GDP growth |url=https://nintil.com/the-soviet-union-gdp-growth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517053259/https://nintil.com/the-soviet-union-gdp-growth |archive-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union.