Editing Petroleum (section)

== International relations ==
{{See also|2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus}}
Control of petroleum production has been a significant driver of international relations during much of the 20th and 21st centuries.<ref name="The Economist-2020">{{Cite news |date=September 17, 2020 |title=Is it the end of the oil age? |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/09/17/is-it-the-end-of-the-oil-age |url-status=live |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231201354/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/09/17/is-it-the-end-of-the-oil-age |archive-date=December 31, 2020 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Organizations like OPEC have played an outsized role in international politics. Some historians and commentators have called this the "[[Age of Oil]]"<ref name="The Economist-2020" /> With the rise of [[renewable energy]] and addressing [[climate change]] some commentators expect a realignment of international power away from [[petrostate]]s.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

=== Corruption ===
"Oil rents" have been described as connected with corruption in political literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil, gas, and mining |url=https://www.u4.no/topics/oil-gas-and-mining/basics |access-date=May 9, 2022 |website=U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre}}</ref> A 2011 study suggested that increases in oil rents increased corruption in countries with heavy government involvement in the production of oil. The study found that increases in oil rents "significantly deteriorates political rights". The investigators say that oil exploitation gave politicians "an incentive to extend civil liberties but reduce political rights in the presence of oil windfalls to evade redistribution and conflict".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arezki |first1=Rabah |last2=Brückner |first2=Markus |date=October 1, 2011 |title=Oil rents, corruption, and state stability: Evidence from panel data regressions |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292111000316 |journal=European Economic Review |language=en |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=955–963 |doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.03.004 |issn=0014-2921}}</ref>

=== Conflict ===
{{Main|oil war|Petro-aggression}}
Petroleum production has been linked with conflict for many years, leading to thousands of deaths.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lujala |first=Päivi |date=2009 |title=Deadly Combat over Natural Resources: Gems, Petroleum, Drugs, and the Severity of Armed Civil Conflict |journal=The Journal of Conflict Resolution |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=50–71 |doi=10.1177/0022002708327644 |issn=0022-0027 |jstor=27638653 |s2cid=155043015}}</ref> Petroleum deposits are in hardly any countries around the world; mainly in Russia and some parts of the middle east.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016 |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Alnasrawi |first=Abbas |title=The economy of Iraq: oil, wars, destruction of development and prospects, 1950–2010 |date=1994 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-29186-1 |location=Westport, Conn. |oclc=28965749}}</ref> Conflicts may start when countries refuse to cut oil production in which other countries respond to such actions by increasing their production causing a trade war as experienced during the [[2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Richie Ruchuan |last2=Xiong |first2=Tao |last3=Bao |first3=Yukun |date=October 1, 2021 |title=The Russia-Saudi Arabia oil price war during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Energy Economics |language=en |volume=102 |page=105517 |doi=10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105517 |issn=0140-9883 |pmc=8652835 |pmid=34898736|bibcode=2021EneEc.10205517M }}</ref> Other conflicts start due to countries wanting petroleum resources or other reasons on oil resource territory experienced in the [[Iran–Iraq War]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran-Iraq War {{!}} Causes, Summary, Casualties, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Iran-Iraq-War |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== OPEC ===
{{Excerpt|OPEC}}