Editing Paris (section)

==Infrastructure==
===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Paris}}
[[File:Eurostar_Paris_Gare_du_Nord_Station,_8_October_2011.jpg|thumb|The [[Gare du Nord]] railway station is the busiest in Europe.]]
Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. The [[Île-de-France Mobilités]] (IDFM) oversees the transit network in the region.<ref name="stif">{{cite web |url=http://www.stif-idf.fr |title=Le web des voyageurs franciliens |author=Syndicat des Transports d'Île-de-France (STIF) |access-date=10 April 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411124843/http://www.stif-idf.fr/ |archive-date=11 April 2006}}</ref> The syndicate coordinates public transport. The [[RATP Group|RATP]] operates 347 [[Bus (RATP)|bus]] lines, the [[Paris Métro|Métro]], eight tramway lines, and sections of the RER. The [[SNCF]] operates suburban rails, one tramway line and the other sections of the RER. The [[Optile]] consortium of private operators manages 1,176 bus lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |title=Optile en bref |publisher=Optile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208081030/http://www.optile.com/notre-mission/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Paris has one of the most [[Sustainable transport|sustainable]] transportation systems in the world,<ref name=ICLEI>{{cite web |last1=Zhang |first1=Yiqian |title=Paris leads the way for sustainable urban mobility |url=https://sustainablemobility.iclei.org/paris-leads-the-way-for-sustainable-mobility/ |website=ICLEI – Sustainable Mobility, 2024 |date=26 November 2019 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107143059/https://sustainablemobility.iclei.org/paris-leads-the-way-for-sustainable-mobility/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vigneau |first1=Laurent |title=On foot or by bike? While Paris walks, Amsterdam pedals |url=https://medium.com/la-fabrique-de-la-cit%C3%A9/on-foot-or-by-bike-while-paris-walks-amsterdam-pedals-17d64623b464 |website=Medium |date=30 May 2018 |publisher=La Fabrique de la Cité |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807154741/https://medium.com/la-fabrique-de-la-cit%C3%A9/on-foot-or-by-bike-while-paris-walks-amsterdam-pedals-17d64623b464 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is one of only two cities that received the [[Sustainable Transport Award]] twice, in 2008 and 2023.<ref name=Award>{{cite web |title=Paris, France Honored with the 2023 Sustainable Transport Award |url=https://www.itdp.org/2023/01/10/paris-2023-sustainable-transport-award/ |website=Institute for Transportation & Development policy |date=10 January 2023 |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142955/https://www.itdp.org/2023/01/10/paris-2023-sustainable-transport-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022–2023, 53.3% of trips in Paris were made on foot, 30% on public transport, 11.2% on bicycles and 4.3% on cars.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bikes overtake cars as means of transport in Paris |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20240412/bikes-overtake-cars-as-means-of-transport-in-paris |access-date=15 May 2024 |agency=[[The Local]]|publisher=AFP |date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515153251/https://www.thelocal.fr/20240412/bikes-overtake-cars-as-means-of-transport-in-paris |archive-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Frost |first1=Rosie |title=Cycling is now more popular than driving in the centre of Paris, study finds |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/04/12/cycling-is-now-more-popular-than-driving-in-the-centre-of-paris-study-finds |access-date=15 May 2024 |agency=Euronews |date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619165308/https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/04/12/cycling-is-now-more-popular-than-driving-in-the-centre-of-paris-study-finds |archive-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> Bike lanes are being doubled, and electric car incentives are being created. Paris is banning the most polluting automobiles from key districts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 reasons the world looks to Europe's cities |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154103/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/future-european-cities |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McMahon |first=Jeff |title=How Bike Lanes Are Transforming Paris |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607154047/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2019/12/28/how-bike-lanes-are-transforming-paris/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The concept of the [[15-minute city]] was created by [[Carlos Moreno (urbanist)]] a professor from Paris and began to be implemented by its mayor [[Anne Hidalgo]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maassen |first1=Anne |title=Paris’ Vision for a ‘15-Minute City’ Sparks a Global Movement |url=https://www.wri.org/insights/paris-15-minute-city |website=World Resource Institute |access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>

==== Walking ====
Walking is the most popular mode of transportation in Paris accounting for 53% of all trips in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Jim |title=Why walking and public transport must be integrated |url=https://www.uitp.org/news/why-walking-and-public-transport-must-be-integrated/ |website=The International Association for public transport. |access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> In the Grand Paris metropolis walking is also the most popular way of moving. The number of trips made by foot increased by 50% from the year 2000 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mobility changes in Greater Paris -Grand Paris- Historical trends, current and emerging developments |url=https://www.apur.org/en/our-works/mobility-changes-greater-paris-grand-paris-historical-trends-current-and-emerging-developments |website=Apur, the Paris Urbanism Agency |access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref> Paris is considered a [[walkable]] city and try to increase [[walkability]] more.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Limb |first1=Lottie |title=The time of the whole car city is over’: How is Paris encouraging walking and cycling? |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/06/16/the-time-of-the-whole-car-city-is-over-how-is-paris-encouraging-walking-and-cycling |access-date=4 April 2025 |agency=Euronews |date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Peters |first1=Adele |title=How Paris became a 15-minute city |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/91119919/how-paris-became-a-15-minute-city |website=Fast Company |access-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>
====Railways====
{{See also|List of Paris railway stations}}
{{main|Paris Métro|Réseau Express Régional|Transilien|Tramways in Île-de-France}}
[[File:Paris - Station de métro Abbesses - PA00086748 - 001.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Paris Métro]] is the busiest subway network in the European Union.]]

A central hub of the national rail network, Paris's six major railway stations ([[Gare du Nord]], [[Gare de l'Est]], [[Gare de Lyon]], [[Gare d'Austerlitz]], [[Gare Montparnasse]], [[Gare Saint-Lazare]]) and a minor one ([[Gare de Bercy]]) are connected to three networks: [[high-speed rail]] lines ([[TGV]], [[Eurostar]], [[Intercity Express]], [[Frecciarossa]]), normal speed trains ([[Intercités]], [[Intercités de nuit]], [[Nightjet]], [[Transport express régional|TER]]), and the suburban rails ([[Transilien]]). The Transilien is the [[commuter rail]] network serving [[Île-de-France|Paris region]], through 9 lines, 392 stations and {{cvt|1,294|km|mi|1}} of rails.

Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Métro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system. In 2015, it carried about 5.23 million passengers daily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |title=Métro2030, notre nouveau métro de Paris |publisher=RATP |access-date=27 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101095822/http://www.ratp.fr/en/ratp/c_5043/metro/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> There are 16 lines, 321 stations (405 stops) and {{cvt|245.6|km|mi|1}} of rails. Superimposed on this is a "[[Réseau Express Régional|regional express network]]", the RER, whose five lines, 257 stops and {{cvt|602|km|mi|0}} of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. With over 1.4 million passengers per day [[RER A]] is the busiest metro line in Europe. The [[Île-de-France|Paris region]] is served by [[Tramways in Île-de-France|a light rail network, the tramway]]. Opened since 1992, fifteen lines are operational. The network is {{convert|196.6|km|mi}} long, with 283 stations.

====Air====
[[File:CDG P1020431.JPG|thumb|In 2023, [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]] was the third-busiest airport in Europe and the eleventh-busiest airport in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2023.pdf|title=2023 Airport Traffic Report|work=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|date=April 2024|page=32}}</ref>]]

Paris is a major international air transport hub, and the [[World's busiest city airport systems by passenger traffic|5th busiest airport system in the world]]. Paris is served by three commercial international airports: [[Charles de Gaulle Airport]], [[Orly Airport]] and [[Beauvais–Tillé Airport]]. In 2019, these three airports recorded traffic of 112 million passengers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |title=Bulletin statistique, trafic aérien commercial – année 2014 |page=15 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329083555/http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/Bulletin_Statistique_2014.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> There is also one [[general aviation]] airport, [[Paris–Le Bourget Airport]], historically the oldest Parisian airport and closest to the city centre, which is now used only for private business flights and air shows. Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |title=Trafic aéroportuaire 1986–2013 |pages=15–17 |publisher=Direction générale de l'Aviation civile |access-date=27 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170444/http://www.side.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/DEFAULT/doc/IFD/IFD_REFDOC_TEMIS_0077449/trafic-aeroportuaire-1986-2012-flux-de-trafic-commercial-1986-2012 |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, it was the [[List of busiest airports by international passenger traffic|4th busiest airport in the world by international traffic]] and it is the hub for the nation's [[flag carrier]], [[Air France]].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|pp=278–283}} Beauvais-Tillé Airport, located {{cvt|69|km|abbr=off}} north of Paris's city centre, is used by charter airlines and [[low-cost carriers]].

====Motorways====
[[File:Boulevard_Périphérique_vu_depuis_Boulevard_Auteuil_-_Paris_XVI_(FR75)_-_2021-08-11_-_3.jpg|thumb|The [[Boulevard Périphérique]]]]
Paris is the most important hub of France's [[motorway]] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the [[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]],{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=69}} which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the [[A86 autoroute|A86]] motorway in the inner suburbs, and the [[Francilienne]] motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over {{cvt|2000|km|mi|0}} of highways and motorways.

====Waterways====
The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France. Most of the cargo is handled by the [[Autonomous Port of Paris|Ports of Paris]], in facilities located around Paris. The rivers [[Loire]], [[Rhine]], [[Rhône]], [[Meuse]], and [[Scheldt]] can be reached by canals connecting with the Seine, which include the [[Canal Saint-Martin]], [[Canal Saint-Denis]], and the Canal de l'Ourcq.{{sfn|Jefferson|2009|p=114}}

====Cycling====
[[File:Station Velib DSC 3497.JPG|thumb|[[Vélib']] at the [[Place de la Bastille]]]]
There are {{cvt|440|km}} of [[Cycling in Paris|cycle paths and routes]] in Paris. These include ''piste cyclable'', bike lanes separated from other traffic by physical barriers, and ''bande cyclable'', a bicycle lane denoted by a painted path on the road). Some {{cvt|29|km}} of specially marked bus lanes are free for use by cyclists, with a protective barrier against encroachments from vehicles.{{sfn|Hart|2004|p=355}} Cyclists have the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris has a [[community bicycle program|bike sharing]] system called [[Vélib']] with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations.{{sfn|Rand|2010|p=165}}

===Electricity===
Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid, fed by multiple sources. In 2012, around 50% of electricity generated in the [[Île-de-France]] came from cogeneration energy plants. Other energy sources included thermal power (35%), waste incineration (9% – with cogeneration plants, these provide the city in heat as well), methane gas (5%), hydraulics (1%), solar power (0.1%) and a negligible amount of wind power.<ref name="prod_electrique_IDF">{{cite web |url=http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |title=La production électrique en IdF |publisher=La DRIEE – Prefet de la région d'Île-de-France |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007034916/http://www.driee.ile-de-france.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Seminaire_du_6_mars_2012_-_Presentations_Approvisionnement_electrique_du_Grand_Paris__cle2dcb2f-1.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> A quarter of the city's [[district heating]] is to come from a plant in [[Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine]], burning a 50/50-mix of coal and [[wood pellets]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |title=Paris to be heated with US wood pellets |work=Global Wood Markets Info |access-date=11 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312072201/http://www.globalwoodmarketsinfo.com/paris-to-import-wood-pellets-from-the-us/ |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live |date=11 March 2016}}</ref>

===Water and sanitation===
[[File:Ile de la Cite from Pont de la Tournelle.jpg|thumb|The Seine, the [[Île de la Cité]] and a [[Bateau Mouche]]]]
Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and [[Bièvre (river)|Bièvre]] for water. From 1809, the [[Canal de l'Ourcq]] provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |title=Historique des égouts |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=Paris.fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410232647/http://www.paris.fr/pratique/musees-expos/musee-des-egouts/visite-publique-des-egouts-de-paris/rub_9691_stand_5943_port_23931 |archive-date=10 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> From 1857, the civil engineer [[Eugène Belgrand]], under [[Napoleon III]], oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to several reservoirs.{{sfn|Burchell|1971|p=93}}

From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris's principal source of drinking water. The remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris's streets. This system is still a major part of Paris's water-supply network. Today Paris has more than {{cvt|2400|km|0}} of underground sewers.<ref name="sewers">{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |title=Les égouts parisiens |website=Mairie de Paris |access-date=15 May 2006 |language=fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225317/http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139 |archive-date=3 October 2006}}</ref>

[[Air pollution]] in Paris, from the point of view of [[Particulates|particulate matter]] (PM10), is the highest in France with 38&nbsp;μg/m<sup>3</sup>.<ref>[http://www.linternaute.com/actualite/monde/classement-des-villes-selon-pollution-de-l-air/ Air pollution in Paris] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924012702/http://www.linternaute.com/actualite/monde/classement-des-villes-selon-pollution-de-l-air/ |date=24 September 2012 }} according to L'internaute</ref> From the point of view of nitrogen dioxide pollution, Paris has one of the highest levels in the EU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Air pollution in Europe: These are the worst-hit cities to live in |url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |access-date=1 April 2022 |website=euronews |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401104131/https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/24/air-pollution-new-report-shows-which-european-cities-have-the-worst-air-quality |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Parks and gardens===
{{Main|List of parks and gardens in Paris|History of Parks and Gardens of Paris}}
[[File:Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, 22 April 2007.jpg|thumb|The lawns of the [[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont]] on a sunny day]]

Paris has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|p=6}} Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the [[Tuileries Garden]], created in 1564 for the [[Tuileries Palace]] and redone by [[André Le Nôtre]] between 1664 and 1672,{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=125}} and the [[Luxembourg Garden]], for the [[Luxembourg Palace]], built for [[Marie de' Medici]] in 1612, which today houses the [[Senate (France)|Senate]].{{sfn|Lawrence|Gondrand|2010|p=208}} The ''[[Jardin des plantes]]'' was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626.<ref>{{cite web |title=Le Jardin de Plantes |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?AE_ID=214&INFO_ID=21&LIEU_ID=158&MAN_ID=273&SITE_ID=10&i=1&idx=6&nav=liste |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615203149/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/foffice/tous/tous/guidePratique/lieuxVisiter/LieuxAVisiter/FLieuAVisiter.xsp?i=1&nav=liste&INFO_ID=21&SITE_ID=10&AE_ID=214&LIEU_ID=158&idx=6&MAN_ID=273 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor [[Napoleon III]] and the city's first director of parks and gardens, [[Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand]], created the [[Bois de Boulogne]], [[Bois de Vincennes]], [[Parc Montsouris]] and [[Parc des Buttes-Chaumont]], located at the four compass points around Paris, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters.{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=122–161}} Since 1977, the city has created 166 new parks, most notably the [[Parc de la Villette]] (1987), [[Parc André Citroën]] (1992), [[Parc de Bercy]] (1997) and [[Parc Clichy-Batignolles – Martin-Luther-King|Parc Clichy-Batignolles]] (2007).{{Sfn|Jarrassé|2007|pp=242–256}} One of the newest parks, the [[Promenade des Berges de la Seine]] (2013), has floating gardens.

===Cemeteries===
[[File:Catacombes De Paris.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Catacombs of Paris|Paris Catacombs]] hold the remains of approximately 6 million people.]]
During the Roman era, Paris' main cemetery was located on the outskirts of the [[Rive Gauche|left bank]] settlement. This changed with the rise of Catholic Christianity, where most every inner-city church had adjoining burial grounds for use by their parishes. With Paris's growth, many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the [[Holy Innocents' Cemetery]], were filled to overflowing. When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of [[Mines of Paris|Paris's stone mines]], today [[place Denfert-Rochereau]] in the 14th arrondissement.{{sfn|Whaley|2012|p=101}}{{sfn|Broadwell|2007|p=92}}

After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, the Prefect Nicholas Frochot under [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution, in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city limits.{{sfn|Ayers|2004|p=271}} Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery|Père Lachaise]], [[Montmartre Cemetery|Montmartre]], [[Montparnasse Cemetery|Montparnasse]], and later [[Passy Cemetery|Passy]]. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: The largest of these are the [[Saint-Ouen Cemetery|Cimetière parisien de Saint-Ouen]], the [[Cimetière parisien de Pantin]], also known as Cimetière parisien de [[Pantin]]-[[Bobigny]], the Cimetière parisien d'[[Ivry-sur-Seine|Ivry]], and the Cimetière parisien de [[Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine|Bagneux]].<ref name="Parisian Cemeteries">{{cite web |title=Les 20 cimetières Parisiens |url=http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |publisher=Paris.fr |access-date=4 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170430/http://www.paris.fr/cimetieres |archive-date=5 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Famous people buried in Parisian cemeteries include [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Jim Morrison]], [[Édith Piaf]] and [[Serge Gainsbourg]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Les célébrités du cimetière du Père Lachaise à Paris |url=https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |website=www.oui.sncf |date=7 November 2018 |language=fr |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414034945/https://www.oui.sncf/article/les-tombes-de-celebrites-au-cimetiere-du-pere-lachaise-106832 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Paris}}
[[File:Chapelle_Sainte-Ursule_de_la_Sorbonne,_Paris_001.jpg|upright=0.75|thumb|The [[Sorbonne University]]]]
Paris is the département with the highest proportion of highly educated people. In 2009, around 40 percent of Parisians held a ''[[Licence (France)|licence]]''-level diploma or higher, the highest proportion in France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |title=Indicateurs départementaux et régionaux sur les diplômes et la formation en 2009 |publisher=INSEE |access-date=29 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910144530/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=base-indic-cc-dipl-form |archive-date=10 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> 13 percent have no diploma, the third-lowest percentage in France. Education in Paris and the Île-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors, teaching approximately 2.9 million students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{cite web |url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Île-de-France |title=L'enseignement |access-date=9 October 2007 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070824203147/http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm |archive-date = 24 August 2007 |language=fr}}</ref>

The [[University of Paris]], founded in the 12th century, is often called the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] after one of its original medieval colleges. In 1970, it was broken up into [[List of universities and institutions in the Paris region|thirteen autonomous universities]], following the [[May 68|student demonstrations in 1968]]. Most of the campuses today are in the [[Latin Quarter, Paris|Latin Quarter]] where the old university was located, while others are scattered around the city and the suburbs.{{sfn|Combeau|2013|pages=213–214}}

The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the ''[[grandes écoles]]'' – 55 specialised centres of higher-education outside or inside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered ''[[grands établissements]]''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris. The [[École Normale Supérieure]], [[Paris Sciences et Lettres University|PSL University]] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the [[5th arrondissement of Paris|5th arrondissement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |title=Contact and Maps |access-date=18 June 2013 |language=fr |publisher=[[École Normale Supérieure]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607052638/http://www.ens.fr/spip.php?article171&lang=en |archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

In 2025, Paris is the home of prestigious universities in science and technology ([[Conservatoire national des arts et métiers]], [[Polytechnic Institute of Paris]], [[Paris Cité University]], [[Paris-Saclay University]], [[Sorbonne University]]), political science ([[Sciences Po]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.planetegrandesecoles.com/classement-qs-2024-politics |author=Planête grandes écoles |title=Classement QS 2024 : Sciences Po devient la 2ème meilleure université mondiale en "Politics" |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> management ([[HEC Paris]], [[ESSEC Business School]], [[ESCP Business School]], [[INSEAD]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rankings.ft.com/rankings/2954/european-business-school-rankings-2023 |author=[[Financial Times]] |title=European Business School Rankings 2023 |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref> as well as multidisciplinary universities ([[Paris Sciences et Lettres University]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |author=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]] |title=2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities |access-date=8 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Healthcare===
[[File:Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, February 7, 2013.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|The [[Hôtel-Dieu de Paris]] is the oldest hospital in Paris.]]
Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the [[Assistance publique – Hôpitaux de Paris]] (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people, including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators, in 44 hospitals.<ref name="hospital"/> It is the largest hospital system in Europe. The hospitals receive more than 5.8 million annual patient visits.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web |url=http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327062949/http://rapport-activite.aphp.fr/activite_ambulatoire.php |archive-date=27 March 2014 |title=Rapport Annuel 2008 |publisher=Rapport Activite |access-date=21 April 2013 |language=fr |url-status=dead}}</ref>

One of the most notable hospitals is the [[Hôtel-Dieu de Paris|Hôtel-Dieu]], founded in 651, the oldest hospital in Paris and the oldest worldwide still operating,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |title=Hotel Dieu |publisher=London Science Museum |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508100917/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/hoteldieu.aspx |archive-date=8 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the current building is the product of a reconstruction of 1877. Other hospitals include [[Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital]], one of the largest in Europe, [[Hôpital Cochin]], [[Bichat–Claude Bernard Hospital]], [[Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou]], [[Bicêtre Hospital]], [[Beaujon Hospital]], the [[Curie Institute (Paris)|Curie Institute]], [[Lariboisière Hospital]], [[Necker–Enfants Malades Hospital]], [[Hôpital Saint-Louis]], [[Hôpital de la Charité]] and the [[American Hospital of Paris]].