Editing Martinique (section)

==Demographics==

===Population===
{{Main|Demographics of Martinique}}

Martinique had a population of 349,925 as of January 2024.<ref name=pop/> The population has been decreasing by 0.9% per year since 2013.<ref name=census2019press>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6012596 |title=Recensement de la population en Martinique : 364 508 habitants au 1ᵉʳ janvier 2019 |author=INSEE |author-link=INSEE |date=29 December 2021 |language=fr |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706160056/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6012596 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are an estimated 260,000 people of Martinican origin living in mainland France, most of them in the Paris region. {{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Martinique<ref name="worldmap1">{{cite web |title=MIDDLE AMERICA & CARIBBEAN MARTINIQUE Snapshot Section |access-date=10 December 2018 |url=http://www.worldmap.org/uploads/9/3/4/4/9344303/martinique_profile.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024073705/http://www.worldmap.org/uploads/9/3/4/4/9344303/martinique_profile.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Catholic]]
|value1 = 86
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|label2 = [[Protestant]]
|value2 = 5.6
|color2 = #9DFFD0
|label3 = [[Muslim]]
|value3 = 0.5
|color3 = Green
|label4 = [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]
|value4 = 0.5
|color4 = #604E97
|label5 = [[Hindu]]
|value5 = 0.3
|color5 = Orange
|label6=Others|value6=7.1}}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em" | Historical population
 ! 1700<br />estimate !! 1738<br />estimate !! 1848<br />estimate !! 1869<br />estimate !! 1873<br />estimate !! 1878<br />estimate !! 1883<br />estimate !! 1888<br />estimate !! 1893<br />estimate !! 1900<br />estimate !! 1954<br />census
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 24,000 || style="text-align:center;"| 74,000 || style="text-align:center;"| 120,400 || style="text-align:center;"| 152,925 || style="text-align:center;"| 157,805 || style="text-align:center;"| 162,861 || style="text-align:center;"| 167,119 || style="text-align:center;"| 175,863 || style="text-align:center;"| 189,599 || style="text-align:center;"| 203,781 || 239,130 
|-
 ! 1961<br />census !! 1967<br />census !! 1974<br />census !! 1982<br />census !! 1990<br />census !! 1999<br />census !! 2010<br />census !! 2015<br />census !! 2021<br />census !! 2024<br />estimate
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 292,062 || style="text-align:center;"| 320,030 || style="text-align:center;"| 324,832 || style="text-align:center;"| 328,566 || style="text-align:center;"| 359,572 || style="text-align:center;"| 381,325 || style="text-align:center;"| 394,173 || style="text-align:center;"| 380,877 || style="text-align:center;"| 360,749 || style="text-align:center;"| 349,925
|-
| colspan="21" style="text-align:center;" | <small>Official figures from past censuses and [[INSEE]] estimates</small>
|}

===Ethnic groups===
The population of Martinique is mainly of [[African diaspora|African descent]] generally mixed with European, Amerindian ([[Island Caribs|Carib]]), [[Indo-Martiniquais|Indian]] (descendants of 19th-century [[Tamils|Tamil]] and [[Telugu people|Telugu]] immigrants from South India), Lebanese, Syrian or Chinese. Martinique also has a small [[Syria|Syro]]-[[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] community, a small [[Indo-Martiniquais|Indian]] community, a small but increasing [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] community, and the ''[[Béké]]'' community, descendants of the first European settlers.<ref name="britannica1" />

The Béké population represents around 1% of Martinique's population,<ref name="Békés Une affaire d'héritage">{{citation |author=Béatrice Gurrey et Benoît Hopquin |title=Békés : Une affaire d'héritage |work=Le Monde |date=28 February 2009 |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/02/28/bekes-une-affaire-d-heritage_1161662_3224.html |language=fr |access-date=3 September 2014 |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505051246/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/02/28/bekes-une-affaire-d-heritage_1161662_3224.html |url-status=live }}</ref> mostly of noble ancestry or members of the old [[bourgeoisie]]. In addition to the island population, the island hosts a mainland French community, most of which live on the island on a temporary basis (generally from 3 to 5 years).{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===Religion===
{{See also|Hinduism in Martinique}}
[[File:Cathédrale Saint Louis.jpg|thumb|upright|Cathédrale Saint Louis]]
About 90% of Martiniquans are [[Christians|Christian]], predominantly [[Roman Catholic]] as well as smaller numbers of various [[Protestant]] denominations.<ref name="britannica1"/> There are much smaller communities of other faiths such as [[Islam]], [[Hinduism in Martinique|Hinduism]] and the [[Baháʼí Faith]].

The island has 49 [[Parish (Catholic Church)|parishes]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Paroisses – Eglise catholique de Martinique|url=http://martinique.catholique.fr/-paroisses-?lang=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818120620/http://martinique.catholique.fr/-paroisses-?lang=fr|archive-date=18 August 2016|access-date=9 November 2020|website=martinique.catholique.fr}}</ref> and several historic places of worship, such as the [[St. Louis Cathedral, Fort-de-France|Saint-Louis Cathedral]] of Fort de France,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cathédrale Saint-Louis – Fort de France|url=https://martinique.catholique.fr/cathedrale-saint-louis-fort-de-1026?lang=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002201/https://martinique.catholique.fr/cathedrale-saint-louis-fort-de-1026?lang=fr|archive-date=8 August 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Eglise catholique de Martinique|language=fr}}</ref> the [[Sacred Heart Church of Balata]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Balata – Sacré Coeur|url=https://martinique.catholique.fr/Balata-Sacre-Coeur?lang=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814201245/https://martinique.catholique.fr/Balata-Sacre-Coeur?lang=fr|archive-date=14 August 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Eglise catholique de Martinique|language=fr}}</ref> and the [[Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption, Saint-Pierre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Cathédrale Notre-Dame de l\'Assomption – Saint-Pierre|url=https://martinique.catholique.fr/cathedrale-notre-dame-de-l-1039?lang=fr|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002645/https://martinique.catholique.fr/cathedrale-notre-dame-de-l-1039?lang=fr|archive-date=8 August 2020|access-date=9 November 2020|website=Eglise catholique de Martinique|language=fr}}</ref>

==== Catholic Church ====
Catholic parishes are present in each municipality and village of the territory.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religion en Martinique – Tropicalement Vôtre |url=https://www.tropicalement-votre.com/destinations/religion-martinique.php |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=www.tropicalement-votre.com |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711175357/https://www.tropicalement-votre.com/destinations/religion-martinique.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The island has the following places of worship classified as historic monuments:
* [[St. Louis Cathedral, Fort-de-France|Saint-Louis Cathedral]] (Cathédrale Saint Louis) in [[Fort-de-France]], erected in 1850 by a bull of [[Pope Pius IX]], is currently the seat of the archdiocese of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France since 1967.
* Church of the Sacré-coeur ([[Sacred Heart of Jesus|Sacred Heart]]) in Balata
* Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption (Cathedral of [[Our Lady of the Assumption]]) in Saint-Pierre de la Martinique. The former church of Mouillage, located on the corner of Victor Hugo Street and Dupuy Street, in the Mouillage district of Saint-Pierre, was completed in 1956.
* [[Our Lady of the Assumption Church, Sainte-Marie|Our Lady of the Assumption Church]], in [[Sainte-Marie, Martinique|Sainte-Marie]], a town in Martinique, dates to 1658.

The [[Archdiocese]] of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France ([[Latin language|Latin]]: archidioecesis Sancti Petri et Arcis Gallicae seu Martinicensis) is an ecclesiastical circumscription of the Catholic Church in the Caribbean, based in Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France, on the island of Martinique. The archdiocese of Saint-Pierre and Fort-de-France is metropolitan and its suffragan dioceses are Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre and Cayenne.

===Languages===
[[File:Multilingual sign on a dock in Fort-de-France.jpg|thumb|upright|Multilingual welcome sign in [[Fort-de-France]]. ''Kontan wè zot'' is [[Martiniquan Creole]] for "Happy to see you."]]
The official language of Martinique is French, which is spoken by most of the population. The department was integrated into France in 1946, and consequently became French.<ref name="Sheringham-2016">{{Cite journal|last=Sheringham|first=Olivia|date=26 January 2016|title=Markers of identity in Martinique: being French, Black, Creole|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1105992|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=39|issue=2|pages=243–262|doi=10.1080/01419870.2016.1105992|s2cid=146477601|issn=0141-9870}}</ref> Most residents also speak [[Creole language|Martinican Creole]] (''Martinique Creole'', ''Kréyol Mat'nik, Kreyòl''), a form of [[Antillean Creole]] closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English-dominated islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica. Martiniquan Creole is based on French, [[Carib language|Carib]] and African languages with elements of English, Spanish, and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Also, unlike other varieties of French creole, such as [[Mauritian Creole]], Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of [[Standard French]] due to significant differences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} It continues to be used in oral storytelling traditions and other forms of speech and to a lesser extent in writing.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

French and Creole are in a [[Diglossia|diglossic]] situation in Martinique,<ref name="Hardwick-2006">{{Cite journal|last=Hardwick|first=Louise|date=12 September 2006|title=Du franais-banane au crole-dragon: entretien avec Raphal Confiant|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijfs.9.2.257_7|journal=International Journal of Francophone Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=257–276|doi=10.1386/ijfs.9.2.257_7|issn=1368-2679|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Bernabe-2002">{{Cite journal|last1=Bernabé|first1=Jean|last2=Confiant|first2=Raphaël|date=2002|title=Le CAPES de Créole: stratégies et enjeux|journal=Hermès|volume=32-33|issue=1|page=211|doi=10.4267/2042/14377|issn=0767-9513|doi-access=free}}</ref> where French is used in official dialogue and Martinican Creole is used in casual or familial contexts.<ref name="Bernabe-2002" /> Creole was a spoken language with a developed "oraliture"; it was not until the mid 20th century that it began to be written.<ref name="Bernabe-2002" /> Since then, [[decreolization]] of the language has taken place via the adoption of Standard French features, mostly unconsciously, but some speakers have noticed that they do not speak Creole like their parents once did.<ref name="Bernabe-2002" />

Being an [[Overseas departments and regions of France|overseas department of France]], the island has European, French, Spanish, Caribbean, Martinican, Black (African), Indian (Tamil) and [[Creole peoples|Creole]] markers of identity, all being influenced by foreign factors, social factors, cultural factors and, as a reportedly important marker, linguistic practices.<ref name="Sheringham-2016" /> Martinican and [[Creole peoples|Creole identities]] are specifically asserted through encouragement of [[Martinican Creole|Creole language]] and its use in literature, in a movement known as ''[[Créolité]],'' that was started by [[Patrick Chamoiseau]], [[Jean Bernabé]] and [[Raphaël Confiant]].<ref name="Sheringham-2016" /><ref name="Burton-1992">{{Cite journal|last=Burton|first=Richard D.E.|date=February 1992|title=Towards 1992: political-cultural assimilation and opposition in contemporary Martinique|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095715589200300705|journal=French Cultural Studies|volume=3|issue=7|pages=061–86|doi=10.1177/095715589200300705|s2cid=154426892|issn=0957-1558|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Martinican Creole used to be a shameful language, and it was not until the 1970s that it has been revalorized through literature and increasing [[Code-switching|code switching]].<ref name="Sheringham-2016" /><ref name="Bernabe-2002" /><ref name="Burton-1992" /> People now speak Martinican Creole more often and in more contexts.<ref name="Burton-1992" />

Speaking Creole in public schools was forbidden until 1982, which is thought to have discouraged parents from using Creole in the home.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bojsen |first=Heidi |date=22 October 2014 |title=Creole Practices as Prescriptive Guidelines for Language Didactics? A selective overview of Glissant's thoughts on language and social identity. |journal=Karib: Nordic Journal for Caribbean Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=94 |doi=10.16993/karib.20 |issn=2387-6743|doi-access=free|url=https://forskning.ruc.dk/files/81712658/20_19_2_PB.pdf }}</ref> In collaboration with GEREC (''Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches en Espace Créolophone'') [[Raphaël Confiant]] created KAPES KREYOL<ref name="Hardwick-2006" /> ([[Certificate of aptitude for secondary school teachers (France)|CAPES for Creole]], ''Certificat d'aptitude au professorat de l'enseignement du second degré)'',  which is an aptitude exam that allowed Creole teachers in secondary school.<ref name="Bernabe-2002" /> This debuted 9 February 2001.<ref name="Hardwick-2006" /> Recently, the education authority, ''Académie de la Martinique'', launched "Parcours Creole +" in 2019, a project trialling bilingual education of children in French and Martinican. Rather than being a topic to be learned itself, Creole became a language that classes were taught in, such as arts, math, physical activity, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parcours Créole +|url=http://www.ac-martinique.fr/cid145967/parcours-creole.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018054253/http://www.ac-martinique.fr/cid145967/parcours-creole.html|archive-date=18 October 2019|access-date=2 January 2021|website=Académie de Martinique|language=fr}}</ref> Parents can also choose the "Parcours Anglais +", learning in classes conducted in French and English from kindergarten until their final year, as in the Creole + course.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Parcours Anglais Plus, Un projet académique pour promouvoir l'apprentissage de l'anglais dès la maternelle {{!}} ANGLAIS |url=https://site.ac-martinique.fr/anglais/?p=239 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208095126/https://site.ac-martinique.fr/anglais/?p=239 |archive-date=2023-02-08 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Académie de la Martinique |language=fr-FR}}</ref> A "Parcours Espagnol +", where children learn in and with French and Spanish, is in the planning stages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les projets + |url=https://www.ac-martinique.fr/les-projets-121733 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205015729/https://www.ac-martinique.fr/les-projets-121733 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Académie de Martinique |language=fr}}</ref>

Though Creole is normally not used in professional situations, members of the media and politicians have begun to use it more frequently as a way to redeem national identity and prevent cultural assimilation by mainland France.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

==== Linguistic features of Martinican Creole ====
Martinican Creole has general [[Locative case|locative]] marking (GLM, also called general locative adposition, goal/source (in)difference and motion-to=motion-from). This means that source locations, final locations and static entity locations are expressed morphologically identically.<ref name="Zribi-Hertz-2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Zribi-Hertz|first1=Anne|last2=Loïc|first2=Jean-Louis|date=17 September 2018|title=General Locative Marking in Martinican Creole (Matinitjè): A Case Study in Grammatical Economy|url=https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-qulso/article/view/7803|journal=Quaderni di Linguistica e Studi Orientali|language=en|volume=4|pages=151–176|doi=10.13128/QULSO-2421-7220-23843|issn=2421-7220|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027200325/https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/bsfm-qulso/article/view/7803|url-status=live}}</ref> Some [[West Africa]]n languages that are possibly contributors to Martinican Creole also present GLM.<ref name="Zribi-Hertz-2018" /> Martinican Creole locative marking exists in 3 morphological types, including:

# spatial prepositions as free morphemes;
#* These include "''an''" (in), "''adan''" (inside), "''douvan''" (in front), "''anba''" (under) and "''anlè''" (on).
# spatial morphemes "a-", "an(n)-", and "o(z)-" bound to the noun on their right;
#* Only bare lexemes that depict certain locations will take on these particles
# phonologically null locative markers
#* In ambiguous sentences, these are added to polysyllabic city names<ref name="Zribi-Hertz-2018" />