Editing Lombardy (section)

==Culture==
===Art and architecture===
====From prehistory to the classical era====
[[File:4193 - Milano - Ruderi dell'Arena romana - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 14-July.2007.jpg|thumb|The remains of the [[Milan amphitheatre]], which can be found inside the archaeological park of the Antiquarium in Milan]]
The first artistic evidence in Lombardy dates back to the [[Mesolithic]] period when, at the end of the [[Würm glaciation]], the historical cycle of the [[Rock Drawings in Valcamonica]] began, which continued and subsequently expanded in the [[Neolithic]] and the [[Copper Age]] to end only in Roman and medieval times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archeocamuni.it/ciclo_camuno.html|title=Il ciclo istoriativo camuno: una tradizione millenaria|access-date=1 August 2012|language=it}}</ref> The Camunian cycle is considered one of the most important testimonies of prehistory worldwide<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94|title=Rock Drawings in Valcamonica|access-date=1 August 2012|language=it}}</ref> and is therefore included in the list of [[World Heritage Site]].

Furthermore, further finds have been found of the presence of prehistoric populations in the Lombardy territory, also included in the world heritage of humanity with the serial site of the "[[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps]]", with several locations located in Lombardy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1363|title=Sites palafittiques préhistoriques autour des Alpes|access-date=1 August 2012|language=fr}}</ref>

The [[Celts]] left evidence scattered throughout the archaeological museums of the region, while the [[Etruscans|Etruscan]] presence is attested in the [[Mantua]] area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parcoarcheologicoforcello.it|title=Parco Archeologico Forcello|access-date=1 August 2012|language=it}}</ref> Following the [[Roman expansion in Italy|Roman conquest]], the artistic evolution of the region veered towards the styles of the conquerors from the late republican period to the Roman imperial era: monumental remains of this historical era can be seen in [[Brescia]] ({{langx|la|Brixia}}) and [[Milan]] ({{langx|la|[[Mediolanum]]}}).

====From late antiquity to the modern era====
[[File:Sacello di san vittore in ciel d'oro, mosaici del 450-500 dc ca. 01.jpg|thumb|left|Early Christian chapel located inside the [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] in Milan]]

In the late ancient period, the Lombardy territory acquired importance, with Milan being the capital of the [[Western Roman Empire]], and consequently, the artistic production also increased, of which evidence remains especially in sacred architecture with the construction of [[Early Christian art and architecture|Early Christian]] churches, [[Early Christian churches in Milan|particularly in Milan]].

The subsequent early medieval period, coeval with and following the [[Migration Period]], will be of capital importance for the development of regional art: the stylistic features of barbarian art introduced by the new populations in fact brought a decisive contribution, merging with late ancient models (which are maintained with continuity) as well as thanks to [[Byzantine art|Byzantine influences]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Marco|last=Rossi|title=Disegno storico dell'arte lombarda|publisher=Vita e Pensiero|isbn=978-88-343-1212-4|year=2005|pages=11–12|language=it}}</ref> for the creation of a truly Lombard art. In fact, upon leaving the early medieval period, we began to talk about artistic styles specific to Lombardy such as the [[First Romanesque|Lombard Romanesque]].
[[File:Lombardia Como1 tango7174.jpg|thumb|[[Basilica of Sant'Abbondio]] in [[Como]]]]

Noteworthy examples of the Lombard Romanesque style are the work of the [[Comacine masters]], in particular in the [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio]] and [[San Michele Maggiore, Pavia|Basilica of San Michele Maggiore]] and in the [[Basilica of Sant'Abbondio]], in the Como area. The most important contribution between the 6th and 8th centuries came from the [[Lombards]] who, occupying a large part of Italy, established their capital in [[Pavia]] and made Lombardy the fulcrum of their kingdom bringing their art with them, of which there remain both significant testimonies (in particular in [[Brescia]], [[Monza]], Pavia and [[Castelseprio, Lombardy|Castelseprio]]) and a substantial influence on subsequent artistic developments.

In the Lombard area, the [[Carolingian art|Carolingian]] period saw substantial artistic continuity with the previous Lombard period. The lower production of monumental buildings typical of these centuries is counterbalanced by numerous minor artefacts of great value, such as the {{ill|Cross of Agilulf|it|Croce di Agilulfo}}, the [[Cross of Desiderius]] and the {{ill|Gospel Book of Theodelinda|it|Evangeliario di Teodolinda}}. Also in Lombardy are some of the greatest expressions of Lombard sculpture, such as the slab with peacock in the Museum of Santa Giulia in [[Brescia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santagiulia.info/museo_di_santa_giulia/periodo_longobardo/index.htm|title=Il periodo longobardo al Museo di Santa Giulia|access-date=31 March 2013|language=it}}</ref> or the [[Plutei of Theodota]] in the [[Pavia Civic Museums]]. The following centuries, as already mentioned, were characterized by artistic styles typical of Lombardy such as the Lombard Romanesque, the [[Italian Gothic architecture|Lombard Gothic]], the [[Renaissance in Lombardy|Lombard Renaissance]] and the Lombard [[Seicento]]. Finally, we must not forget, especially during the Renaissance, the contributions and stimuli left in local art by some great Renaissance masters who worked in Milan at the [[House of Sforza|Sforza]] court, such as [[Filarete]], [[Donato Bramante]] and [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and in Mantua at the [[House of Gonzaga|Gonzaga]] court, like [[Andrea Mantegna]] and [[Giulio Romano (painter)|Giulio Romano]].

====Contemporary age====
[[File:Umberto Boccioni Forme uniche nella continuità dello spazio 1913.jpg|thumb|[[Umberto Boccioni]], ''[[Unique Forms of Continuity in Space]]'', example from 1949 exhibited at the [[Museo del Novecento]] in Milan|216x216px]]

In February 1910 the painters [[Umberto Boccioni]], [[Carlo Carrà]], [[Giacomo Balla]], [[Gino Severini]] and [[Luigi Russolo]] signed the ''Manifesto dei pittori futuristi'' in Milan and in April of the same year the ''Manifesto tecnico della pittura futurista,'',<ref>{{cite book|first1=Maria|last1=Drudi Gambillo|first2=Teresa|last2=Fiori|title=Archivi del futurismo|publisher= Edizioni De Luca|year=1958|page=63|language=it}} {{No ISBN}}</ref> which they contributed, together with others posters signed in other Italian cities, to found the artistic movement of [[Futurism]]. Upon the death of Umberto Boccioni in 1916, Carrà and Severini found themselves in a phase of evolution towards [[Cubism|cubist]] painting, consequently, the Milanese group disbanded, moving the headquarters of the movement from Milan to Rome, with the consequent birth of the "second Futurism".

Lombardy was the birthplace of another important artistic movement of the 20th century, the [[Novecento Italiano|Novecento]], which was born in Milan at the end of 1922. It was started by a group of artists composed of [[Mario Sironi]], [[Achille Funi]], [[Leonardo Dudreville]], [[Anselmo Bucci]], [[Emilio Malerba]], [[Pietro Marussig]] and [[Ubaldo Oppi]] who, at the Pesaro Gallery in Milan, joined together in the new movement baptized Novecento by Bucci.<ref>{{Treccani|novecento_res-109c24a0-8bb2-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/|NOVECENTO}}</ref> These artists, who felt they were translators of the spirit of the 20th century, came from different experiences and artistic currents, but linked by a common sense of "return to order" in art after the avant-garde experiments especially of Futurism: in this sense this artistic movement also adopted the name of [[Monumentalism|simplified Neoclassicism]]. The Novecento movement also manifested itself in literature with [[Massimo Bontempelli]] and above all in architecture with the famous architects [[Giovanni Muzio]], [[Giò Ponti]], {{ill|Paolo Mezzanotte|it}} and others. Some of the works of the major Lombard artists of the 20th century are exhibited at the [[Museo del Novecento]] in Milan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museodelnovecento.org/it/collezione|title=In Collezione|access-date=28 November 2017|language=it}}</ref>

===Historical and artistic villages===
[[File:Municipio - Gromo (Foto Luca Giarelli).jpg|thumb|right|[[Gromo]]]]
[[File:Monte isola, durante l'installazione floating piers, 2016, 04.jpg|thumb|right|[[Monte Isola]]]]
[[File:Clusone - panoramio (18).jpg|thumb|[[Clusone]]]]

Lombardy has many small and picturesque villages, 26 of them have been selected by {{lang|it|[[I Borghi più belli d'Italia]]}} ({{langx|en|The most beautiful villages of Italy}}),<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/lombardia/|title=Lombardia|date=9 January 2017 |access-date=31 July 2023|language=it}}</ref> a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/viaggi/2023/01/16/news/borghi_piu_belli_italia_14_nuovi_2023-383794441/|title=Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria|date=16 January 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023|language=it}}</ref> that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://borghipiubelliditalia.it/ |title = I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta|access-date=3 May 2018|language=it}}</ref> The Lombard villages that are members of the association I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages in Italy") are:<ref name="auto"/>

*[[Bellano]]
*[[Bienno]]
*[[Bergamo|Borgo Santa Caterina]]
*[[Cassinetta di Lugagnano]]
*[[Monzambano|Castellaro Lagusello]]
*[[Scandolara Ravara|Castelponzone]]
*[[Clusone]]
*[[Camerata Cornello|Cornello dei Tasso]]
*[[Fortunago]]
*[[Gardone Riviera]]
*[[Golferenzo]]
*[[Gradella]]
*[[Curtatone|Grazie]]
*[[Gromo]]
*[[Lovere]]
*[[Maccagno con Pino e Veddasca|Maccagno Imperiale]]
*[[Monte Isola]]
*[[Morimondo]]
*[[Pomponesco]]
*[[Sabbioneta]]
*[[San Benedetto Po]]
*[[Soncino, Lombardy|Soncino]]
*[[Tremezzo]]
*[[Tremosine sul Garda]]
*[[Varzi]]
*[[Zavattarello]]

===Literature===
{{main|Western Lombard literature}}
[[File:Maggi Carlo Maria.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|[[Carlo Maria Maggi]]]]

The first texts written in the vernacular [[Lombard language]] date back to the 13th century. These are mainly works of a didactic-religious nature; an example is the ''Sermon Divin'' by {{ill|Pietro da Barsegapè|it}}, which narrates the [[Passion of Jesus]]. Very important is the contribution to Lombard literature of [[Bonvesin de la Riva]], who wrote, among other works, the ''[[Liber di Tre Scricciur]]'', the ''De magnalibus urbis Mediolani'' ("The Wonders of Milan"), and an [[etiquette]], the ''De quinquaginta curialitatibus ad mensam'' ("Fifty table courtesies").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.classicitaliani.it/index139.htm|title=Opere di Bonvesin de la Riva|access-date=21 September 2017|language=it|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206012104/http://www.classicitaliani.it/index139.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

From the 15th century, the prestige of literary [[Tuscan dialect|Tuscan]] began to supplant the use of northern vernaculars which had been used, although influenced by the Florentine vernacular, also in chancellor and administrative contexts.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Josh|title=Testimonianze Di Una Precoce Toscanizzazione Nelle Lettere Commerciali del Mercante Milanese Francesco Tanso (?-1398)|publisher=Archivio Datini|location=Prato|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052204/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-437059133.html|archive-date=18 August 2018|language=it}}</ref> Despite this, starting from this century, there began to be the first signs of a true Lombard literature, with literary compositions in the Lombard language both in the western part of the region and in the eastern one.<ref>{{cite book|last=Haller|first=Hermann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F4C4AXtLFIC&dq=Giovanni+Bressani+Galeazzo+dagli+Orzi&pg=PA106|title=The Other Italy: The Literary Canon in Dialect|date=January 1999 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-4424-2 |access-date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Treccani|giovanni-paolo-lomazzo_(Dizionario-Biografico)/|LOMAZZO, Giovanni Paolo}}</ref>
[[File:Carlo_Porta.png|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Carlo Porta]]]]

The 17th century also saw the emergence of the figure of the playwright [[Carlo Maria Maggi]], who created, among other things, the Milanese mask of [[Meneghino]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[AA.VV.]]|title=Maschere italiane|publisher=Edizioni Demetra|year=2002|page=116|isbn=978-8844026066|language=it}}</ref> Also in the 17th century, the first ''[[Bosinada|bosinade]]'' were born, occasional popular poems written on loose sheets of paper and posted in squares or read (or even sung) in public; they had great success and widespread diffusion until the first decades of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/bosinada.html|title=Bosinada|date=4 June 2020 |language=it|access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> Milanese literature had a strong development in the 18th century: some important names emerged, including the famous poet [[Giuseppe Parini]], who wrote some compositions in the Lombard language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org/linguastoria/7001.html|title=Letteratura milanese - Il '700|access-date=21 September 2017|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://opac.unicatt.it/search~S13*ita?/cFONDO+Silvio+Cipriani-E-75/cfondo+silvio+cipriani+e+++++++75/-3,-1,,E/browse|title=Sistema bibliotecario e documentale|access-date=21 September 2017|language=it}}</ref>

The beginning of the 19th century was dominated by the figure of [[Carlo Porta]], recognized by many as the most important author of Lombard literature, and also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature. With him, some of the highest peaks of literary expressiveness in the Lombard language were reached, which clearly emerged in works such as ''La Ninetta del Verzee'', ''Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee'', ''La guerra di pret'' e ''Lament del Marchionn de gamb avert''.<ref>{{Treccani|carlo-porta/|Pòrta, Carlo}}</ref> Milanese poetic production took on such important dimensions that in 1815 the scholar [[Francesco Cherubini]] published a four-volume [[anthology]] of Lombard literature, which included texts written from the 17th century to his day.<ref>{{Treccani|francesco-cherubini/|Cherubini, Francesco}}</ref>

===Main sights===
[[File:Milan Cathedral from Piazza del Duomo.jpg|thumb|[[Milan Cathedral]] is the largest church in the Italian Republic—the larger [[St. Peter's Basilica]] is in the [[State of Vatican City]], a sovereign state—and the [[List of largest churches|third largest in the world]].<ref name="ReferenceA">See [[List of largest church buildings in the world]].</ref>]]
[[File:Monza - Villa Reale di Monza - 02.jpg|thumb|[[Royal Villa of Monza]]]]
[[File:2014-01-01-Pavia Certosa.jpg|thumb|[[Certosa di Pavia]]]]
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Accademia Carrara di Belle Arti di Bergamo|Accademia Carrara]], Bergamo
* [[Castelseprio (archaeological park)|Archaeological park of Castelseprio]], Castelseprio
* [[Basilica di San Lorenzo (Milan)|Basilica of San Lorenzo]], Milan
* [[Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio]], Milan
* [[Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio]], Milan
* [[Bellagio (Italian region)|Bellagio]]
* [[Brera Gallery]], Milan
* [[Castello Sforzesco]], Milan
* [[Castelseprio (archaeological park)|Castelseprio archaeological site]]
* [[Cathedral of Cremona|Duomo]] and [[Torrazzo of Cremona|Torrazzo]], [[Cremona]]
* [[Cathedral of Milan]]
* [[Pavia Cathedral|Cathedral of Pavia]]
* [[Certosa di Pavia]]
* [[Como Cathedral]] and [[Basilica of Sant'Abbondio]], Como
* [[New Cathedral, Brescia|Duomo Nuovo]], Brescia
* [[Bergamo#Upper city|The fortified Venetian walls]], Bergamo
* [[Lake Como]]
* [[Lake Garda]]
* [[Lake Iseo]]
* [[Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)#Brescia|Roman and Longobard monuments in Brescia]]
* [[Royal Villa of Monza]]
* [[San Michele Maggiore, Pavia|San Michele Maggiore]], Pavia
* [[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]], Pavia
* [[Santa Maria del Carmine, Pavia|Santa Maria del Carmine]], Pavia
* [[Santa Maria Maggiore, Bergamo|Santa Maria Maggiore]] and [[Cappella Colleoni]], Bergamo
* [[Teatro alla Scala]], Milan
* [[Tempio Civico della Beata Vergine Incoronata]], [[Lodi, Lombardy|Lodi]]
* [[Villa Toeplitz (Varese)|Villa Toeplitz]], Varese
* [[Visconti Castle (Pavia)|Visconti Castle]], Pavia
{{Div col end}}

===Museums and art galleries===
{{main|List of museums in Lombardy}}
[[File:Milan - Pinacothèque de Brera - Cour intérieure.jpg|thumb|[[Pinacoteca di Brera]] in [[Milan]]]]
[[File:Museo di Santa Giulia chiese Santa Giulia San Salvatore Brescia.jpg|thumb|[[Santa Giulia Museum]] in [[Brescia]]]]
[[File:Castello Sforzesco (2).JPG|thumb|The [[Visconti Castle (Pavia)|Visconti Castle of Pavia]], seat of the [[Pavia Civic Museums]]]]

Lombardy has more than 300 museums in subjects such as ethnographic, historical, technical-scientific, artistic and naturalistic fields. Among the region's most famous museums are:

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Accademia Carrara]] (Bergamo)
* [[Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana di Scienze Lettere ed Arti|Accademia Nazionale Virgiliana]] (Mantua)
* [[Antique Furniture & Wooden Sculpture Museum]] (Milan)
* [[Applied Arts Collection, Milan|Applied Arts Collection]] (Milan)
* [[Archaeological Museum, Milan|Archaeological Museum]] (Milan)
* [[Civic Museum of Crema]] (Crema)
* [[Egyptian Museum (Milan)|Egyptian Museum]] (Milan)
* [[Gallerie di Piazza Scala]] (Milan)
* [[Mille Miglia#Mille Miglia Museum|Mille Miglia]] (Brescia)
* [[Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Milan|Modern Art Gallery]] (Milan)
* Museum Sacred Art of the Nativity ([[Gandino]])
* [[Museo Bagatti Valsecchi]] (Milan)
* [[Diocesan Museum of Milan|Museo Diocesano]] (Milan)
* [[Museo Diocesano Adriano Bernareggi]] (Bergamo)
* [[Museum of Musical Instruments (Milan)|Museum of Musical Instruments]] (Milan)
* [[Moto Guzzi Museum|Museo del Motociclo Moto Guzzi]] (Mandello al Lario)
* [[Museo del Novecento]] (Milan)
* [[Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)|Museo del Risorgimento]] (Milan)
* [[Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci"|National Museum of Science and Technology "Leonardo da Vinci"]] (Milan)
* [[Museo di Palazzo d'Arco]] (Mantua)
* [[Museo di Palazzo Te]] (Mantua)
* [[Museo Etnografico Tiranese]] (Tirano)
* [[Museum Giuseppe Gianetti|Museo Giuseppe Gianetti]] (Saronno)
* [[Museo Poldi Pezzoli]] (Milan)
* [[Museo Alfa Romeo|Museo storico Alfa Romeo]] (Arese)
* [[Museo Teatrale alla Scala]] (Milan)
* [[Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano|Natural History Museum of Milan]] (Milan)
* [[Natural History Museum, Pavia|Natural History Museum of Pavia]] (Pavia)
* [[Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea]] (Milan)
* [[Pavia Civic Museums]] (Pavia)
* [[Pinacoteca Ambrosiana]] (Milan)
* [[Pinacoteca di Brera]] (Milan)
* [[Royal Villa of Monza]] (Monza)
* [[Santa Giulia Museum]] (Brescia)
* [[Sforza Castle Pinacoteca]] (Milan)
* [[Tempio Voltiano|Volta Temple]] (Como)
* [[The Museum of Ancient Art]] (Milan)
* [[Triennale]] (Milan)
* [[University History Museum, University of Pavia]]
* [[Villa Olmo]] (Como)
{{Div col end}}

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Lombardy|Music of Milan}}
[[File:Architettura La Scala operahouse.jpg|thumb|Founded in 1778, [[La Scala]] in [[Milan]] is the world's most famous opera house.<ref name="Griffin">{{cite book|last1=Griffin|first1=Clive|title=Opera|date=2007|publisher=Collins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-124182-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/opera0000grif/page/172 172]|edition=1st U.S.|url=https://archive.org/details/opera0000grif/page/172}}</ref>]]

Each of Lombardy's 12 provinces has its own musical traditions. Bergamo is famous for being the birthplace of [[Gaetano Donizetti]] and home of the Teatro Donizetti; Brescia hosts the 1709 Teatro Grande; Cremona is regarded as the origin of the violin and is home to several of the most prestigious [[luthier]]s;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itinerarieluoghi.it/museo-del-violino-cremona/|title=Cremona e la tradizione liutaia: visita al museo del violino|date=25 October 2023 |access-date=1 February 2024|language=it}}</ref> and Mantua was one of the founding and most important cities in 16th- and 17th-century opera and classical music.

Other cities such as Lecco, Lodi, Varese and Pavia ([[Teatro Fraschini]]) also have rich musical traditions, but Milan is the centre of the Lombard musical scene. It was the workplace of [[Giuseppe Verdi]], one of the most famous and influential 19th-century opera composers. The province has acclaimed theatres, such as the [[Piccolo Teatro (Milan)|Piccolo Teatro]] and the Teatro Arcimboldi; however, the most famous is the 1778 [[Teatro alla Scala]] (popularly La Scala), the world's most famous opera house.<ref name="Griffin"/>

===UNESCO World Heritage Sites===
[[File:Scena di caccia al cervo - Seradina R 12 - Capo di Ponte (Foto Luca Giarelli).jpg|thumb|Deer hunting scene depicted in the [[Rock Drawings in Valcamonica]]]]
[[File:Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - The Last Supper (1495-1498).jpg|thumb|''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|The Last Supper]]'', [[Convent of Sta. Maria delle Grazie]], Milan, Italy (1499), by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]]]
[[File:BG MuraVenete 08.JPG|thumb|The [[Bergamo|Fortified City of Bergamo]]]]
[[File:Tempio Capitolino Piazza del Foro Brescia.jpg|thumb|[[Brescia#UNESCO World Heritage monuments|Remains of Roman forum]] in Brescia]]
[[File:Sacro Monte di Varese-120-Kapelle 10-O vos omnes-Bogen-1985-gje.jpg|thumb|[[Sacro Monte di Varese]]]]
[[File:Sabbioneta Palazzo Ducale 02.JPG|thumb|right|[[Sabbioneta]], a town and {{lang|it|[[comune]]}} in the [[province of Mantua]]]]

There are ten [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage sites]] wholly or partially located in Lombardy.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/|title = World Heritage List|access-date = 16 May 2015|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref> Some of these comprise several individual objects in different locations. One of the entries has been listed as natural heritage and the others are cultural heritage sites.

At [[Monte San Giorgio]] on the border with Swiss canton Ticino just south of [[Lake Lugano]], a wide range of marine [[Triassic]] fossils have been found. During the Triassic period, 245–230 million years ago, the area was a shallow tropical lagoon. Fossils include reptiles, fish, [[crustacean]]s and insects.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1090|title = Monte San Giorgio|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref>

The [[Rock Drawings in Valcamonica]] date to between 8000{{nbsp}}BC and 1000{{nbsp}}BC, covering prehistoric periods from the [[Epipaleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] to the [[Iron Age]],  and constitute the largest collections of prehistoric [[petroglyph]]s in the world.<ref name="unesco2">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/94|title=Rock Drawings in Valcamonica - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=29 June 2010}}</ref> The collection was recognized by [[UNESCO]] in 1979 and was Italy's first recognized World Heritage Site.  UNESCO has formally recognized more than 140,000 figures and symbols,<ref name="unesco2" /> but new discoveries have increased the number of catalogued incisions to between 200,000<ref name="adorno"/> and 300,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archeocamuni.it/arte_rupestre.html |title=Introduzione all'arte rupestre della Valcamonica |trans-title=Introduction to the rock art of Valcamonica |publisher=Archeocamuni.it |access-date=11 May 2009|language=it}}</ref>  The petroglyphs are spread on all surfaces of the valley, but concentrated in the areas of [[Darfo Boario Terme]], [[Capo di Ponte]], [[Nadro]], [[Cimbergo]] and [[Paspardo]].

[[Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps]] are a series of prehistoric pile dwelling (or [[stilt house]]) settlements in and around the [[Alps]] built from about 5000 to 500 BC on the edges of lakes, rivers or wetlands. In 2011, 111 sites located variously in [[Switzerland]] (56), [[Italy]] (19), [[Germany]] (18), [[France]] (11), [[Austria]] (5) and [[Slovenia]] (2) were added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] list.<ref name=UNESCO3>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/|title=Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps|website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> In Slovenia, these were the first World Heritage Sites to be listed for their cultural value.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.washington.embassy.si/fileadmin/user_upload/dkp_51_vwa/newsletter/october_2011/Embassy_s_Newsletter__2011_-_14_-_10_finale.pdf |title=Pile-dwellings in the Ljubljansko Barje on UNESCO List |journal=Embassy Newsletter |publisher=Embassy of Slovenia in Washington |date=14 October 2011 |editor=Maša Štiftar de Arzu|access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> Excavations conducted at some of the sites have yielded evidence regarding prehistoric life and the way communities interacted with their environment during the [[Neolithic]] and [[Bronze Age]]s in Alpine Europe. These settlements are a unique group of exceptionally well-preserved and culturally rich archaeological sites, which constitute one of the most important sources for the study of early agrarian societies in the region.<ref name=UNESCO3/>

Another multi-centred site, [[Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)]] consists of seven locations across mainland Italy which illustrate the history of the Lombard period. Two of the sites are in modern-day Lombardy: the fortifications (the ''castrum'' and the [[Torba Tower]]), and the church of Santa Maria ''foris portas'' ("outside the gates") has Byzantinesque frescoes at [[Castelseprio (archaeological park)|Castelseprio]], and the [[San Salvatore, Brescia|monastic complex of San Salvatore-Santa Giulia]] at Brescia. The UNESCO site at Brescia also includes the [[Brescia#UNESCO World Heritage monuments|remains of its Roman forum]], the best-preserved in northern Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Comunicati/visualizza_asset.html_1468318012.html |title=Italia langobardorum, la rete dei siti Longobardi italiani iscritta nella Lista del Patrimonio Mondiale dell'UNESCO |website=Beniculturali.it |language=it |trans-title=Italia langobardorum, the network of the Italian Longobards sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030220341/http://www.beniculturali.it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Comunicati/visualizza_asset.html_1468318012.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1318.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052503/http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1318.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live|title=THE LONGOBARDS IN ITALY. PLACES OF THE POWER (568–774 A.D.). NOMINATION FOR INSCRIPTION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>

The Church and [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] Convent of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)|Santa Maria delle Grazie]] in Milan with ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|The Last Supper]]'' by Leonardo da Vinci represent architectural and painting styles of the 15th-century Renaissance period.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/93|title = Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with "The Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref> The towns Mantua and [[Sabbioneta]] are also listed as a combined World Heritage site relating to this period, here focussing more on town-planning aspects of the time than on architectural detail. While Mantua was rebuilt in the 15th and 16th centuries, according to Renaissance principles, Sabbioneta was planned as a new town in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1287|title = Mantua and Sabbioneta|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref>

The [[Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy]] are a group of nine sites in northwest Italy, two of which are in Lombardy. The concept of holy mountains can be found elsewhere in Europe. These sites were created as centres of pilgrimage by placing chapels in the natural landscape and were loosely modelled on the topography of Jerusalem. In Lombardy, Sacro Monte del Rosario di Varese and Sacro Monte della Beata Vergine del Soccorso, which were built in the early-to mid-17th century, mark the architectural transition from the late Renaissance to the Baroque style.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1068|title = Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref>

[[Crespi d'Adda]] is a historic settlement and an outstanding example of the 19th and early 20th-century [[model village|"company towns"]] built in Europe and North America by enlightened industrialists to meet the workers' needs. The site is still intact and is partly used for industrial purposes, although changing economic and social conditions now threaten its survival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/730-summary.pdf |title=UNESCO Reference 730|access-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> Since 1995 it has been on [[UNESCO]]'s list of [[World Heritage Sites]].

[[Mantua]] and [[Sabbioneta]] represent two approaches of [[Renaissance]] period town planning. Mantua (pictured), originating in Roman times and preserving structures from the 11th century, was renovated in the 15th and 16th centuries. On the other hand, Sabbioneta was founded in the second half of the 16th century by [[Vespasiano I Gonzaga]] and built with a [[grid plan]], according to the period's vision of an ideal city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1287|title=Mantua and Sabbioneta|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=26 June 2010|archive-date=28 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028083518/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1287/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Bernina Railway|Rhaetian Railway in the Albula/Bernina Landscapes]] is mostly located in the Swiss canton [[Grisons]], but extends over the border into [[Tirano]]. The site is listed because of the complex railway engineering (tunnels, viaducts and avalanche galleries) necessary to take the narrow-gauge railway across the main chain of the Alps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhaetian Railway in the Albula &#x2f; Bernina Landscapes |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1276/ |access-date=26 January 2024 |website=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> The two railway lines were opened in several stages between 1904 and 1910.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail routes |url=https://www.rhb.ch/en/unesco-world-heritage/rail-routes?ref=057sxl&cHash=5ce8bcb5f1772b123510314dc449c698 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Rhätische Bahn}}</ref>

The [[Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar]] is a transnational system of fortifications that were built by the [[Republic of Venice]] on its [[Domini di Terraferma|mainland domains]] (''Stato da Terra'') and its territories stretching along the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] coast (''[[Stato da Mar]]''). This site includes the fortified city [[Bergamo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1533|title = Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th Centuries: Stato da Terra – Western Stato da Mar|access-date = 11 August 2023|website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre|publisher = UNESCO}}</ref>