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===Historians and archaeologists=== {{main|Russian historians}} *[[Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov|Mikhail Artamonov]], historian and archaeologist,[[File:Artamonov student.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Mikhail Illarionovich Artamonov|Mikhail Artamonov]]]] founder of modern [[Khazar]] studies, excavated a great number of [[Scythian]] and Khazar [[kurgan]]s and settlements, including [[Sarkel]] *[[Artemiy Artsikhovsky]], archaeologist, discoverer of [[birch bark document]]s in [[Novgorod]] *[[Vasily Bartold]], [[turkologist]], the "[[Edward Gibbon|Gibbon]] of [[Turkestan]]", archaeologist of [[Samarcand]] *[[Konstantin Bestuzhev-Ryumin]], 19th-century historian and [[paleographer]], founder of the [[Bestuzhev Courses]] for women *[[Nikita Bichurin]], a founder of [[Sinology]], published many documents on [[Chinese history|Chinese]] and [[Mongolian history]], opened the first Chinese-language school in Russia *[[Nikolay Danilevsky]], ethnologist, philosopher and historian, a founder of [[Eurasianism]], the first to present an account of history as a series of distinct [[civilisations]] *[[Igor Diakonov]], historian and linguist, a prominent researcher of [[Sumer]] and [[Assyria]] *[[Boris Farmakovsky]], archaeologist of [[Ancient Greek]] colony [[Olbia, Ukraine|Olbia]][[File:Nikolay Danilevski.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Nikolay Danilevsky]]]] *[[Vladimir Golenishchev]], egyptologist, excavated [[Wadi Hammamat]], discovered over 6,000 antiquities, including the ''[[Moscow Mathematical Papyrus]]'', the ''[[Story of Wenamun]]'', and various [[Fayum portraits]] *[[Timofey Granovsky]], a founder of [[mediaeval studies]] in Russia, disproved the historicity of [[Vineta]] *[[Boris Grekov]], major researcher of [[Kievan Rus']] and the [[Golden Horde]] *[[Lev Gumilev]], historian and ethnologist, prominent researcher of the ancient [[Central Asia]]n peoples, related [[ethnogenesis]] and [[biosphere]], influenced the rise of [[Neo-Eurasianism]] *[[Boris Hessen]], physicist who brought [[externalism]] into modern [[historiography of science]] *[[Pyotr Kafarov]], prominent sinologist, discovered ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'' *[[Nikolai Karamzin]], [[sentimentalist]] writer and historian, author of the 12-volume ''History of the Russian State''[[File:Tropinin karamzin.JPG|thumb|90px|[[Nikolai Karamzin]]]] *[[Vasily Klyuchevsky]], dominated Russian historiography at the turn of the 20th century, shifted focus from politics and society to geography and economy *[[Alexander Kazhdan]], [[Byzantinist]], editor of the ''[[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]'' *[[Nikodim Kondakov]], prominent researcher of [[Byzantine art]] *[[Andrey Korotayev]], historian and anthropologist, a founder of [[cliodynamics]], prominent developer of [[social cycle theory]] *[[Pyotr Kozlov]], explorer of Central Asia, discoverer of the ancient [[Tibetan people|Tangut]] city of [[Khara-Khoto]] and [[Xiongnu]] royal burials at [[Noin-Ula]] *[[Nikolay Likhachyov]], first and foremost Russian [[sigillographer]], major developer of auxiliary historical disciplines *[[Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky]], statesman, published the major ''Russian [[Genealogical]] Book'' *[[Mikhail Lomonosov]], polymath scientist and artist, the first opponent of the [[Normanist theory]], published an early account of Russian history *[[Friedrich Martens]], legal historian, drafted the [[Martens Clause]] of the [[Hague Peace Conference]][[File:MAntokolsky Nestor.JPG|thumb|90px|Nestor the Chronicler]] *[[Vladimir Minorsky]], prominent historian of [[Persia]] *[[Yagutil Mishiev]], author of books about the history of [[Derbent]], [[Dagestan]], Russia *[[Gerhardt Friedrich Müller]], co-founder of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], explorer and the first academic historian of [[Siberia]], a founder of [[ethnography]], author of the first academic account of [[Russian history]], put forth the [[Normanist theory]] *[[Aleksei Musin-Pushkin]], prominent collector of ancient Russian manuscripts, discoverer of ''[[The Tale of Igor's Campaign]]'' *[[Nestor the Chronicler]], author of the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' (the first [[East Slav]]ic chronicle) and several [[hagiographies]], saint *[[Alexey Okladnikov]], prominent historian and archaeologist of [[Siberia]] and [[Mongolia]] *[[Sergey Oldenburg]], a founder of Russian [[Indology]] and the [[Academic Institute of Oriental Studies]] *[[George Ostrogorsky]], preeminent 20th-century [[Byzantinist]] *[[Avraamy Palitsyn]], 17th-century historian of the [[Time of Troubles]] *[[Anna Pankratova]] (1897–1957), leading Soviet historian *[[Evgeny Pashukanis]], legal historian, wrote ''The General Theory of Law and [[Marxism]]''[[File:Charsolomon TProskouriakoff.jpg|thumb|90px|[[Tatiana Proskouriakoff|Tatyana Proskuryakova]]]] *[[Boris Piotrovsky]], prominent researcher of [[Urartu]], [[Scythia]], and [[Nubia]], long-term director of the [[Hermitage Museum]] *[[Mikhail Piotrovsky]], orientalist, current director of the [[Hermitage Museum]] *[[Mikhail Pogodin]], leading mid-19th-century Russian historian, proponent of the [[Normanist theory]] *[[Mikhail Pokrovsky]], [[Marxist]] historian prominent in the 1920s *[[Natalia Polosmak]], archaeologist of [[Pazyryk burials]], discoverer of [[Pazyryk Ice Maiden]] *[[Alexander Polovtsov]], statesman, historian and [[Maecenas]], founder of the Russian Historian Society *[[Tatiana Proskouriakoff|Tatyana Proskuryakova]], [[Mayanist]] scholar and archaeologist, deciphered the ancient [[Maya script]] *[[Semyon Remezov]], cartographer and the first historian of [[Siberia]], author of the ''[[Remezov Chronicle]]'' *[[Mikhail Rostovtsev]], archeologist and economist, the first to thoroughly examine the social and economic systems of the [[Ancient World]], excavated [[Dura-Europos]][[File:Solovjev S. M..jpg|thumb|90px|[[Sergey Solovyov (historian)|Sergey Solovyov]]]] *[[Nicholas Roerich]], painter, archeologist, explorer of Central Asia, initiated the international [[Roerich's Pact]] on historical monuments protection *[[Sergei Rudenko]], discoverer of [[Scythian]] [[Pazyryk burials]] *[[Boris Rybakov]], historian and chief Soviet archaeologist for 40 years, primary opponent of the [[Normanist theory]] *[[Viktor Sarianidi]], discoverer of the [[Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex]] and the ''[[Bactrian Gold]]'' in Central Asia *[[Mikhail Shcherbatov]], man of [[Russian Enlightenment]], conservative historian *[[Sergey Solovyov (historian)|Sergey Solovyov]], principal Russian 19th-century historian, author of the 29-volume ''History of Russia'' *[[V. V. Struve|Vasily Struve]], orientalist and historian of the [[Ancient World]], put forth the [[Marxist]] theory of five socio-economic formations that dominated the Soviet education *[[Yevgeny Tarle]], author of the famous studies on [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia]] and on the [[Crimean War]][[File:Tatishchev.png|thumb|90px|[[Vasily Tatischev]]]] *[[Vasily Tatischev]], statesman, geographer and historian, discovered and published the ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]'', ''[[Sudebnik]]'' and the controversial ''[[Ioachim Chronicle]]''; wrote the first full-scale account of Russian history *[[Mikhail Tikhomirov]], major [[paleographer]], published the ''[[Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles]]'' *[[Boris Turayev]], author of the first full-scale ''History of [[Ancient East]]'' *[[Peter Turchin]], population biologist and historian, coined the term ''[[cliodynamics]]'' *[[Aleksey Uvarov]], founder of the first Russian archaeological society, discovered over 750 ancient [[kurgan]]s *[[Nikolai Yadrintsev]], discoverer of [[Genghis Khan]]'s capital [[Karakorum]] and the [[Orkhon script]] of ancient [[Türks]] *[[Valentin Yanin]], preeminent researcher of [[birch bark document]]s *[[Dmitry Yurasov]], historian of soviet repression
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