Editing Jurassic (section)

=== Fish ===

==== Jawless fish ====
[[File:Yanliaomyzon.png|thumb|Fossils and life restorations of the two species of ''[[Yanliaomyzon]] ,'' a [[lamprey]] known from the Middle Jurassic of China]]
The last known species of [[conodont]], a class of [[Agnatha|jawless fish]] whose hard, tooth-like elements are key index fossils, finally became extinct during the earliest Jurassic after over 300 million years of evolutionary history, with an asynchronous extinction occurring first in the Tethys and eastern Panthalassa and survivors persisting into the earliest Hettangian of Hungary and central Panthalassa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Du|first1=Yixing|last2=Chiari|first2=Marco|last3=Karádi|first3=Viktor|last4=Nicora|first4=Alda|last5=Onoue|first5=Tetsuji|last6=Pálfy |first6=József|last7=Roghi|first7=Guido|last8=Tomimatsu|first8=Yuki|last9=Rigo|first9=Manuel|date=April 2020|title=The asynchronous disappearance of conodonts: New constraints from Triassic-Jurassic boundary sections in the Tethys and Panthalassa |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825220302221|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|language=en|volume=203|pages=103176 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103176|bibcode=2020ESRv..20303176D|hdl=11577/3338908 |s2cid=216173452}}</ref> End-Triassic conodonts were represented by only a handful of species and had been progressively declining through the Middle and Late Triassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ginot|first1=Samuel|last2=Goudemand|first2=Nicolas|date=December 2020|title=Global climate changes account for the main trends of conodont diversity but not for their final demise|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921818120302162|journal=Global and Planetary Change |language=en|volume=195|pages=103325|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103325|bibcode=2020GPC...19503325G|s2cid=225005180}}</ref> ''[[Yanliaomyzon]]'' from the Middle Jurassic of China represents the oldest post Paleozoic [[lamprey]], and the oldest lamprey to have the toothed feeding apparatus and likely the three stage life cycle typical of modern members of the group.<ref name="Wu-2023">{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Feixiang |last2=Janvier |first2=Philippe |last3=Zhang |first3=Chi |date=2023-10-31 |title=The rise of predation in Jurassic lampreys |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=6652 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-42251-0 |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free |pmid=37907522 |pmc=10618186 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.6652W }}</ref>

==== Sarcopterygii ====
[[File:Coelacanth, Late Late Jurassic, Tithonian Age, Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone, Solnhofen, Bavaria, Germany - Houston Museum of Natural Science - DSC01858.JPG|thumb|Coelacanth from the Solnhofen Limestone|left]]
[[Lungfish]] (Dipnoi) were present in freshwater environments of both hemispheres during the Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kemp|first1=Anne |last2=Cavin|first2=Lionel|last3=Guinot|first3=Guillaume|date=April 2017|title=Evolutionary history of lungfishes with a new phylogeny of post-Devonian genera|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|language=en|volume=471|pages=209–219|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.051 |bibcode=2017PPP...471..209K|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some studies have proposed that the last common ancestor of all living lungfish lived during the Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brownstein |first1=Chase Doran |last2=Harrington |first2=Richard C |last3=Near |first3=Thomas J. |date=July 2023 |title=The biogeography of extant lungfishes traces the breakup of Gondwana |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14609 |journal=Journal of Biogeography |language=en |volume=50 |issue=7 |pages=1191–1198 |doi=10.1111/jbi.14609 |bibcode=2023JBiog..50.1191B |issn=0305-0270}}</ref> [[Mawsoniidae|Mawsoniids]], a marine and freshwater/brackish group of [[coelacanth]]s, which first appeared in North America during the Triassic, expanded into Europe and South America by the end of the Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=Lionel|last2=Cupello|first2=Camila|last3=Yabumoto|first3=Yoshitaka|last4=Léo|first4=Fragoso|last5=Deersi |first5=Uthumporn|last6=Brito|first6=Paul M.|date=2019|title=Phylogeny and evolutionary history of mawsoniid coelacanths |url=http://www.kmnh.jp/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/A17-3-Cavin.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History, Series A|volume=17|pages=3–13}}</ref> The marine [[Latimeriidae]], which contains the living coelacanths of the genus ''[[Latimeria]]'', were also present in the Jurassic, having originated in the Triassic, with a number of records from the Jurassic of Europe including ''[[Swenzia]]'', thought to be the closest known relative of living coelacanths.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clement|first=Gaël|date=2005-09-30|title=A new coelacanth (Actinistia, Sarcopterygii) from the Jurassic of France, and the question of the closest relative fossil to Latimeria|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282005%29025%5B0481%3AANCASF%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=481–491|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0481:ANCASF]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86338307 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>

==== Actinopterygii ====
[[File:Thrissops cf formosus 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Fossil of ''[[Thrissops]],'' an [[ichthyodectid]] stem-group teleost from the Late Jurassic Solnhofen Limestone of Germany, showing preserved colouration]]
Ray-finned fish ([[Actinopterygii]]) were major components of Jurassic freshwater and marine ecosystems. Archaic "[[Palaeonisciformes|palaeoniscoid]]" fish, which were common in both marine and freshwater habitats during the preceding Triassic declined during the Jurassic, being largely replaced by more [[Derived (phylogenetics)|derived]] actinopterygian lineages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skrzycka |first=Roksana|date=2014-07-03|title=Revision of two relic actinopterygians from the Middle or Upper Jurassic Karabastau Formation, Karatau Range, Kazakhstan |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03115518.2014.880267|journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology |language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=364–390|doi=10.1080/03115518.2014.880267|bibcode=2014Alch...38..364S |s2cid=129308632|issn=0311-5518}}</ref> The oldest known [[Acipenseriformes]], the group that contains living [[sturgeon]] and [[paddlefish]], are from the Early Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hilton|first1=Eric J.|last2=Grande|first2=Lance|last3=Jin|first3=Fan|date=January 2021|title=Redescription of † Yanosteus longidorsalis Jin et al., (Chondrostei, Acipenseriformes, †Peipiaosteidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022336020000803/type/journal_article|journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=95 |issue=1|pages=170–183|doi=10.1017/jpa.2020.80|bibcode=2021JPal...95..170H |s2cid=225158727|issn=0022-3360}}</ref> [[Amiiformes|Amiiform]] fish (which today only includes the [[bowfin]]) first appeared during the Early Jurassic, represented by ''[[Caturus]]'' from the Pliensbachian of Britain; after their appearance in the western Tethys, they expanded to Africa, North America and Southeast and East Asia by the end of the Jurassic,<ref name="Poyato-Ariza-2020" /> with the modern family [[Amiidae]] appearing during the Late Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Deesri |first1=Uthumporn |last2=Naksri |first2=Wilailuck |last3=Jintasakul |first3=Pratueng |last4=Noda |first4=Yoshikazu |last5=Yukawa |first5=Hirokazu |last6=Hossny |first6=Tamara El |last7=Cavin |first7=Lionel |date=2023-03-27 |title=A New Sinamiin Fish (Actinopterygii) from the Early Cretaceous of Thailand: Implications on the Evolutionary History of the Amiid Lineage |journal=Diversity |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=491 |doi=10.3390/d15040491 |issn=1424-2818 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Diver..15..491D }}</ref> [[Pycnodontiformes]], which first appeared in the western Tethys during the Late Triassic, expanded to South America and Southeast Asia by the end of the Jurassic, having a high diversity in Europe during the Late Jurassic.<ref name="Poyato-Ariza-2020">{{Cite journal|last1=Poyato-Ariza|first1=Francisco José|last2=Martín-Abad |first2=Hugo|date=2020-07-19|title=History of two lineages: Comparative analysis of the fossil record in Amiiformes and Pycnodontiformes (Osteischtyes, Actinopterygii)|url=https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/sjpalaeontology/article/view/17833|journal=Spanish Journal of Palaeontology |volume=28 |issue=1|pages=79|doi=10.7203/sjp.28.1.17833|issn=2255-0550|doi-access=free|hdl=10486/710030|hdl-access=free}}</ref> During the Jurassic, the [[Ginglymodi]], the only living representatives being [[gar]]s (Lepisosteidae) were diverse in both freshwater and marine environments. The oldest known representatives of anatomically modern gars appeared during the Late Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brito |first1=Paulo M. |last2=Alvarado-Ortega|first2=Jésus|last3=Meunier|first3=François J.|date=December 2017|title=Earliest known lepisosteoid extends the range of anatomically modern gars to the Late Jurassic|journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=17830 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-17984-w |issn=2045-2322|pmc=5736718|pmid=29259200|bibcode=2017NatSR...717830B}}</ref> Stem-group [[teleost]]s, which make up over 99% of living Actinopterygii, had first appeared during the Triassic in the western Tethys; they underwent a major diversification beginning in the Late Jurassic, with early representatives of modern teleost clades such as [[Elopomorpha]] and [[Osteoglossoidei]] appearing during this time.<ref>Arratia G. Mesozoic halecostomes and the early radiation of teleosts. In: Arratia G, Tintori A, editors. Mesozoic Fishes 3 – Systematics, Paleoenvironments and Biodiversity. München: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil; 2004. p. 279–315.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tse |first1=Tze-Kei |last2=Pittman |first2=Michael|last3=Chang|first3=Mee-mann|date=2015-03-26|title=A specimen of Paralycoptera Chang & Chou 1977 (Teleostei: Osteoglossoidei) from Hong Kong (China) with a potential Late Jurassic age that extends the temporal and geographical range of the genus |journal=PeerJ |language=en|volume=3|pages=e865|doi=10.7717/peerj.865|pmid=25834774|pmc=4380157|issn=2167-8359 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Pachycormiformes]], a group of marine stem-teleosts, first appeared in the Early Jurassic and included both [[tuna]]-like predatory and filter-feeding forms, the latter included the largest bony fish known to have existed: ''[[Leedsichthys]]'', with an estimated maximum length of over 15 metres, known from the late Middle to Late Jurassic.<ref name="Liston2013">Liston, J., Newbrey, M., Challands, T., and Adams, C., 2013, "Growth, age and size of the Jurassic pachycormid ''Leedsichthys problematicus'' (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii) in: Arratia, G., Schultze, H. and Wilson, M. (eds.) ''Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution''. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, Germany, pp. 145–175</ref>

==== Chondrichthyes ====
[[File:Naturkundemuseum Engelhai Pseudorhina sp.17RM1984.jpg|thumb|Fossil of ''[[Pseudorhina]]'' from the Late Jurassic of Germany, a close relative of modern [[angelshark]]s.]]
During the Early Jurassic, the shark-like [[Hybodontiformes|hybodonts]], which represented the dominant group of [[Chondrichthyes|chondrichthyans]] during the preceding Triassic, were common in both marine and freshwater settings; however, by the Late Jurassic, hybodonts had become minor components of most marine communities, having been largely replaced by modern [[Neoselachii|neoselachians]], but remained common in freshwater and restricted marine environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rees |first1=Jan |last2=Underwood |first2=Charlie J. |date=2008-01-17 |title=Hybodont sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic) |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=117–147 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00737.x |bibcode=2008Palgy..51..117R |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Corso |first1=Jacopo Dal |last2=Bernardi |first2=Massimo |last3=Sun |first3=Yadong |last4=Song |first4=Haijun |last5=Seyfullah |first5=Leyla J. |last6=Preto |first6=Nereo |last7=Gianolla |first7=Piero |last8=Ruffell |first8=Alastair |last9=Kustatscher |first9=Evelyn |last10=Roghi |first10=Guido |last11=Merico |first11=Agostino |date=September 2020 |title=Extinction and dawn of the modern world in the Carnian (Late Triassic) |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=38 |language=EN |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aba0099 |pmc=7494334 |pmid=32938682 |bibcode=2020SciA....6...99D}}</ref> The Neoselachii, which contains all living sharks and rays, radiated beginning in the Early Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Underwood |first=Charlie J. |date=March 2006 |title=Diversification of the Neoselachii (Chondrichthyes) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1666/04069.1 |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=215–235 |doi=10.1666/04069.1 |bibcode=2006Pbio...32..215U |s2cid=86232401 |issn=0094-8373}}</ref> The oldest known ray ([[Batoidea]]) is ''[[Antiquaobatis]]'' from the Pliensbachian of Germany.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stumpf |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kriwet |first2=Jürgen |date=2019-12-01 |title=A new Pliensbachian elasmobranch (Vertebrata, Chondrichthyes) assemblage from Europe, and its contribution to the understanding of late Early Jurassic elasmobranch diversity and distributional patterns |journal=PalZ |language=en |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=637–658 |doi=10.1007/s12542-019-00451-4 |issn=1867-6812 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019PalZ...93..637S |s2cid=181782998}}</ref> Jurassic batoids known from complete remains retain a conservative, [[guitarfish]]-like morphology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Underwood |first1=Charlie J. |last2=Claeson |first2=Kerin M. |date=June 2019 |title=The Late Jurassic ray Kimmerobatis etchesi gen. et sp. nov. and the Jurassic radiation of the Batoidea |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016787817300949 |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |language=en |volume=130 |issue=3–4 |pages=345–354 |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.06.009 |bibcode=2019PrGA..130..345U |s2cid=90691006}}</ref> The oldest known [[Hexanchiformes]] and [[carpet shark]]s (Orectolobiformes) are from the Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian and Toarcian, respectively) of Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kriwet|first1=Jürgen|last2=Klug|first2=Stefanie|date=December 2011|title=A new Jurassic cow shark (Chondrichthyes, Hexanchiformes) with comments on Jurassic hexanchiform systematics|journal=[[Swiss Journal of Geosciences]]|language=en|volume=104|issue=S1|pages=107–114|doi=10.1007/s00015-011-0075-z|s2cid=84405176|issn=1661-8726|doi-access=free|bibcode=2011SwJG..104..107K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srdic |first1=Alex |last2=Duffin |first2=Christopher J. |last3=Martill |first3=David M. |date=August 2016 |title=First occurrence of the orectolobiform shark Akaimia in the Oxford Clay Formation (Jurassic, Callovian) of England |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016787816300785 |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |language=en |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=506–513 |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2016.07.002|bibcode=2016PrGA..127..506S }}</ref> The oldest known members of the [[Heterodontiformes]], the only living members of which are the [[bullhead shark]] (''Heterodontus''), first appeared in the Early Jurassic, with representatives of the living genus appearing during the Late Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Slater |first1=Tiffany S. |last2=Ashbrook |first2=Kate |last3=Kriwet |first3=Jürgen |date=August 2020 |editor-last=Cavin |editor-first=Lionel |title=Evolutionary relationships among bullhead sharks (Chondrichthyes, Heterodontiformes) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1299 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=425–437 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1299 |bibcode=2020PPal....6..425S |s2cid=214133104 |issn=2056-2802 |hdl=10468/10339 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> The oldest record of angelsharks ([[Squatiniformes]]) is ''[[Pseudorhina]]'' from the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian–Tithonian) of Europe, which already has a bodyform similar to members of the only living genus of the order, ''[[Squatina]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=López-Romero |first1=Faviel A. |last2=Stumpf |first2=Sebastian |last3=Pfaff |first3=Cathrin |last4=Marramà |first4=Giuseppe |last5=Johanson |first5=Zerina |last6=Kriwet |first6=Jürgen |date=2020-07-28 |title=Evolutionary trends of the conserved neurocranium shape in angel sharks (Squatiniformes, Elasmobranchii) |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=12582 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-69525-7 |pmid=32724124 |pmc=7387474 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1012582L |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> The oldest known remains of [[Carcharhiniformes]], the largest order of living sharks, first appear in the late Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of the western Tethys (England and Morocco). Known dental and exceptionally preserved body remains of Jurassic Carchariniformes are similar to those of living [[Scyliorhinidae|catshark]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stumpf |first1=Sebastian |last2=Scheer |first2=Udo |last3=Kriwet |first3=Jürgen |date=2019-03-04 |title=A new genus and species of extinct ground shark, †Diprosopovenator hilperti, gen. et sp. nov. (Carcharhiniformes, †Pseudoscyliorhinidae, fam. nov.), from the Upper Cretaceous of Germany |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=e1593185 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1593185 |bibcode=2019JVPal..39E3185S |s2cid=155785248 |issn=0272-4634 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Synechodontiformes]], an extinct group of sharks closely related to Neoselachii, were also widespread during the Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Klug |first1=Stefanie |last2=Tütken |first2=Thomas |last3=Wings |first3=Oliver |last4=Pfretzschner |first4=Hans-Ulrich |last5=Martin |first5=Thomas |date=September 2010 |title=A Late Jurassic freshwater shark assemblage (Chondrichthyes, Hybodontiformes) from the southern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, Northwest China |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12549-010-0032-2 |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |language=en |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=241–257|doi=10.1007/s12549-010-0032-2 |bibcode=2010PdPe...90..241K |s2cid=129236098 |issn=1867-1594}}</ref> The oldest remains of modern [[chimaera]]s are from the Early Jurassic of Europe, with members of the living family [[Callorhinchidae]] appearing during the Middle Jurassic. Unlike most living chimaeras, Jurassic chimeras are often found in shallow water environments.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Popov |first1=Evgeny V. |last2=Delsate |first2=Dominique |last3=Felten |first3=Roland |date=2019-07-02 |title=A New Callorhinchid Genus (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei) from the Early Bajocian of Ottange-Rumelange, on the Luxembourg-French Border |url=https://bioone.org/journals/paleontological-research/volume-23/issue-3/2018PR021/A-New-Callorhinchid-Genus-Holocephali-Chimaeroidei-from-the-Early-Bajocian/10.2517/2018PR021.full |journal=Paleontological Research |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=220 |doi=10.2517/2018PR021 |bibcode=2019PalRe..23..220P |s2cid=198423356 |issn=1342-8144}}</ref> The closely related [[Myriacanthidae|myriacanthids]] and the flattened ''[[Squaloraja]]'' are also known from the Jurassic of Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Duffin|first1=Christopher J. |last2=Milàn |first2=Jesper |date=2017-11-14|title=A new myriacanthid holocephalian from the Early Jurassic of Denmark |url=https://2dgf.dk/publikationer/bulletin/bulletin-volume-65-2017/#10 |journal=Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark |language=en |volume=65 |pages=161–170|doi=10.37570/bgsd-2017-65-10|issn=2245-7070 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017BuGSD..65..161D }}</ref>