Editing Historiography (section)

====Latin America====
{{further|Historiography of Colonial Spanish America|Argentina|Latin American studies}}
[[Latin America]] is the former Spanish American empire in the Western Hemisphere plus Portuguese Brazil. Professional historians pioneered the creation of this field, starting in the late nineteenth century.<ref>Howard F. Cline, ''Latin American History: Essays on Its Teaching and Research, 1898–1965''. 2 vols. Austin: University of Texas Press 1967. {{ISBN|978-0292736313}}</ref> The term "Latin America" did not come into general usage until the twentieth century and in some cases it was rejected.<ref>José C. Moya, ed. "Introduction" to ''The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History'', New York: Oxford University Press, p. 5. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195166217.001.0001</ref> The historiography of the field has been more fragmented than unified, with historians of Spanish America and Brazil generally remaining in separate spheres. Another standard division within the historiography is the temporal factor, with works falling into either the early modern period (or "colonial era") or the post-independence (or "national") period, from the early nineteenth onward. Relatively few works span the two eras and few works except textbooks unite Spanish America and Brazil. There is a tendency to focus on histories of particular countries or regions (the Andes, the Southern Cone, the Caribbean) with relatively little comparative work.

Historians of Latin America have contributed to various types of historical writing, but one major, innovative development in Spanish American history is the emergence of [[ethnohistory]], the history of indigenous peoples, especially in Mexico based on alphabetic sources in Spanish or in [[New Philology (Latin America)|indigenous languages]].<ref>Howard F. Cline, ed. ''Handbook of Middle American Indians, Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources'' 4 vols. Austin: University of Texas Press 1972–75. {{ISBN|978-1477306833}}</ref><ref>Charles Gibson, ''The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule''. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. {{ISBN|978-0804701969}}</ref><ref>James Lockhart, ''The Nahuas After the Conquest''. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. {{ISBN|9780804765572}}</ref><ref>Frank Salomon and Stuart B. Schwartz, eds. ''Cambridge History of Native Peoples of the Americas: South America''. New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. {{ISBN|978-0521630757}}</ref><ref>Richard E.W. Adams and [[Murdo J. MacLeod (historian)|Murdo J. MacLeod]], eds. ''Cambridge History of Natives Peoples of the Americas: Mesoamerica'' 2 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press 2000. {{doi|10.1017/CHOL9780521351652}}</ref>

For the early modern period, the emergence of [[Atlantic history]], based on comparisons and linkages of Europe, the Americas, and Africa from 1450 to 1850 that developed as a field in its own right has integrated early modern Latin American history into a larger framework.<ref>see Bernard Bailyn, ''Atlantic History: Concept and Contours.'' Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press 2005. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjz8180 The development of the field antedates this publication.</ref> For all periods, global or world history have focused on the connections between areas, likewise integrating Latin America into a larger perspective. Latin America's importance to world history is notable but often overlooked. "Latin America's central, and sometimes pioneering, role in the development of globalization and modernity did not cease with the end of colonial rule and the early modern period. Indeed, the region's political independence places it at the forefront of two trends that are regularly considered thresholds of the modern world. The first is the so-called liberal revolution, the shift from monarchies of the ancien régime, where inheritance legitimated political power, to constitutional republics... The second, and related, trend consistently considered a threshold of modern history that saw Latin America in the forefront is the development of nation-states."<ref>Moya, "Introduction: Reclaiming Identity", p. 9.</ref>

Historical research appears in a number of specialized journals. These include ''[[Hispanic American Historical Review]]'' (est. 1918), published by the [[Conference on Latin American History]]; ''The Americas'', (est. 1944); ''[[Journal of Latin American Studies]]'' (1969); ''Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies'', (est.1976)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.can-latam.org/journal |title=The Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies |date=2018-03-06 |access-date=2016-10-08 |archive-date=2016-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017075134/https://www.can-latam.org/journal |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Bulletin of Latin American Research]]'', (est. 1981); ''Colonial Latin American Review'' (1992); and ''Colonial Latin American Historical Review'' (est. 1992). ''[[Latin American Research Review]]'' (est. 1969), published by the [[Latin American Studies Association]], does not focus primarily on history, but it has often published historiographical essays on particular topics.	

'''General works''' on Latin American history have appeared since the 1950s, when the teaching of Latin American history expanded in U.S. universities and colleges.<ref>Howard F. Cline, ed. ''Latin American History: Essays on its Teaching and Research, 1898–1965''. 2 vols. Austin: University of Texas Press 1967.</ref> Most attempt full coverage of Spanish America and Brazil from the conquest to the modern era, focusing on institutional, political, social and economic history. An important, eleven volume treatment of Latin American history is ''The Cambridge History of Latin America'', with separate volumes on the colonial era, nineteenth century, and the twentieth century.<ref>Leslie Bethell, editor. ''The Cambridge History of Latin America'' 11 volumes. New York: Cambridge University Press 1984.</ref> There is a small number of general works that have gone through multiple editions.<ref>Benjamin Keen and Keith Haynes, ''A History of Latin America'' 9th edition. Cengage 2012. {{ISBN|978-0618783182}}</ref><ref>John Charles Chasteen, ''Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America'' 4th edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 2016. {{ISBN|978-0393283051}}</ref><ref>Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith, ''Modern Latin America'' 9th edition. New York: Oxford University Press 2013. {{ISBN|978-0190674670}}</ref> Major trade publishers have also issued edited volumes on Latin American history<ref>Thomas H. Holloway, ''A Companion to Latin American History''. Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell 2011. {{ISBN|978-1444338843}}</ref> and historiography.<ref>José C. Moya, ''The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History''. New York: Oxford University Press 2011. {{ISBN|978-0195166217}}</ref> Reference works include the ''[[Handbook of Latin American Studies]]'', which publishes articles by area experts, with annotated bibliographic entries, and the ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture''.<ref>Barbara A. Tenenbaum, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History'' 5 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. {{ISBN|978-0684192536}}</ref>