Editing High-speed rail (section)

====China====
{{Main|High-speed rail in China}}
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High-speed rail was introduced to China in 2003 with the [[Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway]].

The Chinese government made high-speed rail construction a cornerstone of the [[Chinese economic stimulus program]] to mitigate the effects of the [[2008 financial crisis]] and the result has been a rapid development of the Chinese rail system into the world's most extensive high-speed rail network. By 2013 the system had {{convert|11028|km|mi|abbr=on}} of operational track, accounting for about half of the world's total at the time.<ref name="2013 HSR stat">{{cite web|url=http://business.sohu.com/20140305/n396105235.shtml|date=5 March 2014|website=[[Sohu]] Business|language=zh-hans|script-title=zh:中国高铁总里程达11028公里占世界一半"}}</ref>
By the end of 2018, the total high-speed railway (HSR) in China had risen to over {{convert|29000|km|abbr=off|mi}}.<ref name=":0" />
Over 1.71 billion trips were made in 2017, more than half of China's total railway passenger delivery, making it the world's busiest network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinanews.com/cj/2018/01-02/8414612.shtml|website=www.chinanews.com|language=zh-hans|script-title=zh:2017年中国铁路投资8010亿元 投产新线3038公里-中新网|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

State planning for high-speed railway began in the early 1990s, and the country's first high-speed rail line, the [[Qinhuangdao–Shenyang Passenger Railway]], was built in 1999 and opened to commercial operation in 2003. This line could accommodate commercial trains running at up to {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}}. Planners also considered Germany's [[Transrapid]] [[maglev]] technology and built the [[Shanghai maglev train]], which runs on a {{convert|30.5|km|abbr=on}} track linking the [[Pudong]], the city's financial district, and the [[Shanghai Pudong International Airport|Pudong International Airport]].
The maglev train service began operating in 2004 with trains reaching a top speed of {{convert|431|km/h|abbr=on}}, and remains the fastest high-speed service in the world. Maglev, however, was not adopted nationally and all subsequent expansion features high-speed rail on conventional tracks.

In the 1990s, China's domestic train production industry designed and produced a series of high-speed train prototypes but few were used in commercial operation and none were mass-produced. The Chinese Ministry of Railways (MOR) then arranged for the purchase of foreign high-speed trains from French, German, and Japanese manufacturers along with certain technology transfers and joint ventures with domestic trainmakers. In 2007, the MOR introduced the [[China Railway High-speed|China Railways High-speed (CRH)]] service, also known as "Harmony Trains", a version of the German [[Siemens Velaro]] high-speed train.

In 2008, high-speed trains began running at a top speed of {{convert|350|km/h|abbr=on}} on the [[Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway]], which opened during the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing. The following year, trains on the newly opened [[Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway]] set a world record for average speed over an entire trip, at {{convert|312.5|km/h|abbr=on}} over {{convert|968|km|abbr=off}}.

A [[Wenzhou train collision|collision of high-speed trains]] on 23 July 2011 in [[Zhejiang]] province killed 40 and injured 195, raising concerns about operational safety. A credit crunch later that year slowed the construction of new lines. In July 2011, top train speeds were lowered to {{convert|300|km/h|abbr=on|round=5}}. But by 2012, the high-speed rail boom had renewed with new lines and new rolling stock by domestic producers that had indigenised foreign technology. On 26 December 2012, China opened the [[Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong high-speed railway]], the world's longest high-speed rail line, which runs {{convert|2208|km|abbr=on}} from [[Beijing West railway station]] to [[Shenzhen North Railway Station]].<ref name="AP Jingshen HSR">{{cite news|title=World's Longest Fast Train Line Opens in China|agency=Associated Press|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/worlds-longest-fast-train-line-opens-china|url-status=dead|access-date=26 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229131846/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/worlds-longest-fast-train-line-opens-china|archive-date=29 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Beijing – Guangzhou high speed line completed|work=[[Railway Gazette International]]|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/beijing-guangzhou-high-speed-line-completed.html|access-date=31 December 2012|archive-date=29 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229151344/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/passenger/single-view/view/beijing-guangzhou-high-speed-line-completed.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The network set a target to create the [[High-speed rail in China#National high-speed rail grid (4+4)|4+4 National  high-speed rail Grid]] by 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=China's operating high-speed railway exceeds 7,000&nbsp;km|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-11/27/c_132002966.htm|date=27 November 2012|work=xinhuanet.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201060253/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2012-11/27/c_132002966.htm|archive-date=1 December 2012|access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> and continues to rapidly expand with the July 2016 announcement of the [[High-speed rail in China#8+8 HSR Grid|8+8 National high-speed rail Grid]]. In 2017, {{Convert|350|km/h|0|abbr=on}} services resumed on the [[Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2017/08/21/china-world-fastest-train/|title=China Relaunches World's Fastest Train|website=Fortune}}</ref> once again refreshing the world record for average speed with select services running between [[Beijing South railway station|Beijing South]] to [[Nanjing South railway station|Nanjing South]] reaching average speeds of {{convert|317.7|km/h|abbr=on|}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=China powers ahead as new entrants clock in|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/fileadmin/user_upload/railwaygazette.com/PDF/Railway_Gazette_World_Speed_Survey_2019.pdf|website=Railway Gazette International|access-date=9 July 2019|archive-date=9 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709020342/https://www.railwaygazette.com/fileadmin/user_upload/railwaygazette.com/PDF/Railway_Gazette_World_Speed_Survey_2019.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Like Japan, China is also developing maglev system to run trains with even higher speeds. Currently there are two separate high-speed maglev systems being developed in China: 
* the ''CRRC 600'', is based on the [[Transrapid]] technology and is being developed by the [[CRRC]] under license from [[ThyssenKrupp|Thyssen-Krupp]].<ref name="ReOpenEmsland">{{cite news |title=German maglev test track set for revival? CRRC could use the Transrapid Emsland track to test maglev vehicles. |url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/german-maglev-test-track-set-for-revival/ |publisher=International Railway Journal |date=6 April 2021}}</ref> A {{convert|1.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} test track has been operating since 2006 at the Jiading Campus of [[Tongji University]], northwest of Shanghai.  A prototype vehicle was developed in 2019 and was tested in June 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=China's super fast 600km/h maglev train performs its first test run |url=https://www.scmp.com/abacus/news-bites/article/3090079/chinas-super-fast-600km/h-maglev-train-performs-its-first-test |access-date=21 July 2021 |publisher=SCMP |date=22 June 2020}}</ref> In July 2021 a four car train was unveiled.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} A high-speed test track is under development and in April 2021 there was consideration given to re-opening the Emsland test facility in Germany.<ref name="ReOpenEmsland"/>
* An incompatible system has been developed at [[Southwest Jiaotong University]] in Chengdu, the design uses high-temperature super conducting magnets, which the university has been researching since 2000, and is capable of {{convert|620|kph|mph|abbr=on}}.  A prototype was demonstrated in January 2021 on a {{convert|165|m|yd|abbr=on}} test track.<ref>{{cite news |title=China reveals 620km/hr high-temp electric maglev train |url=https://thedriven.io/2021/01/21/china-reveals-620km-hr-high-temp-electric-maglev-train/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |publisher=The Driven |date=21 January 2021}}</ref>