Editing Heart (section)

== History ==
=== Ancient ===
[[File:Leonardo da vinci, Heart and its Blood Vessels.jpg|thumb|Heart and its blood vessels, by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], 15th century]]
Humans have known about the heart since ancient times, although its precise function and anatomy were not clearly understood.<ref name="USYD2016">{{cite web|title=Anatomy of the Heart|url=https://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Anatomy_of_the_Heart|website=University of Sydney Online Museum|access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818202606/https://sydney.edu.au/medicine/museum/mwmuseum/index.php/Anatomy_of_the_Heart|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref> From the primarily religious views of earlier societies towards the heart, [[ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] are considered to have been the primary seat of scientific understanding of the heart in the ancient world.<ref name="Anaemia2010">{{cite journal|last1=Meletis|first1=John|last2=Konstantopoulos|first2=Kostas|title=The Beliefs, Myths, and Reality Surrounding the Word Hema (Blood) from Homer to the Present|journal=Anemia|date=2010|volume=2010|pages=857657|doi=10.1155/2010/857657|pmid=21490910|pmc=3065807|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Katz2008">{{cite journal|last1=Katz|first1=A. M.|title=The 'Modern' View of Heart Failure: How Did We Get Here?|journal=Circulation: Heart Failure|date=1 May 2008|volume=1|issue=1|pages=63–71|doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.772756|pmid=19808272|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Aird2011">{{cite journal|last1=Aird|first1=W.C.|title=Discovery of the cardiovascular system: from Galen to William Harvey|journal=Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis|date=July 2011|volume=9|pages=118–129|doi=10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04312.x|pmid=21781247|s2cid=12092592|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Aristotle]] considered the heart to be the organ responsible for creating blood; [[Plato]] considered the heart as the source of circulating blood and [[Hippocrates]] noted blood circulating cyclically from the body through the heart to the lungs.<ref name=Anaemia2010 /><ref name=Aird2011 /> [[Erasistratos]] (304–250 BCE) noted the heart as a pump, causing dilation of blood vessels, and noted that arteries and veins both radiate from the heart, becoming progressively smaller with distance, although he believed they were filled with air and not blood. He also discovered the heart valves.<ref name=Anaemia2010 />

The Greek physician [[Galen]] (2nd century CE) knew blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions.<ref name=Anaemia2010 /> Galen, noting the heart as the hottest organ in the body, concluded that it provided heat to the body.<ref name=Aird2011 /> The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.<ref name=Aird2011 /> Galen believed the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right through 'pores' between the ventricles.<ref name=USYD2016 /> Air from the lungs passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart and created arterial blood.<ref name=Aird2011/>

These ideas went unchallenged for almost a thousand years.<ref name=USYD2016 /><ref name=Aird2011/>

=== Pre-modern ===
The earliest descriptions of the [[coronary circulation|coronary]] and pulmonary circulation systems can be found in the ''[[Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon]]'', published in 1242 by [[Ibn al-Nafis]].<ref name="Michelakis">{{cite journal|last1=Michelakis|first1=E.D.|title=Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow|journal=[[Circulation Research]]|date=19 June 2014|volume=115|issue=1|pages=109–114|doi=10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.301132|pmid=24951761|doi-access=free}}</ref> In his manuscript, al-Nafis wrote that blood passes through the pulmonary circulation instead of moving from the right to the left ventricle as previously believed by Galen.<ref name="West2008">{{cite journal|last=West|first=John|title=Ibn al-Nafis, the pulmonary circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age|journal=[[Journal of Applied Physiology]]|year=2008|doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.91171.2008|volume=105|issue=6|pmid=18845773|pmc=2612469|pages=1877–1880}}</ref> His work was later translated into [[Latin]] by [[Andrea Alpago]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bondke Persson|first1=A.|last2=Persson|first2=P.B.|title=Form and function in the vascular system|journal=[[Acta Physiologica]]|volume=211|issue=3|pages=468–470|doi=10.1111/apha.12309|pmid=24800879|year=2014|s2cid=26211642}}</ref>

In Europe, the teachings of Galen continued to dominate the academic community and his doctrines were adopted as the official canon of the Church. [[Andreas Vesalius]] questioned some of Galen's beliefs of the heart in ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'' (1543), but his [[Masterpiece|magnum opus]] was interpreted as a challenge to the authorities and he was subjected to a number of attacks.<ref name="west2014">{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=J.B.|title=Galen and the beginnings of Western physiology|journal=[[American Journal of Physiology|AJP: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology]]|date=30 May 2014|volume=307|issue=2|pages=L121–L128|doi=10.1152/ajplung.00123.2014|pmid=24879053|s2cid=5656712|url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bd6b/3bb1b19195825c9a5ac2c1201ddc5925aa6b.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302220754/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bd6b/3bb1b19195825c9a5ac2c1201ddc5925aa6b.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2019}}</ref> [[Michael Servetus]] wrote in ''[[Christianismi Restitutio]]'' (1553) that blood flows from one side of the heart to the other via the lungs.<ref name="west2014"/>

=== Modern ===
[[File:Animated Heart - Old Textbook style.gif|thumb|Animated heart]]

A breakthrough in understanding the flow of blood through the heart and body came with the publication of ''[[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus|De Motu Cordis]]'' (1628) by the English physician [[William Harvey]]. Harvey's book completely describes the systemic circulation and the mechanical force of the heart, leading to an overhaul of the Galenic doctrines.<ref name="Aird2011"/> [[Otto Frank (physiologist)|Otto Frank]] (1865–1944) was a German physiologist; among his many published works are detailed studies of this important heart relationship. [[Ernest Starling]] (1866–1927) was an important English physiologist who also studied the heart. Although they worked largely independently, their combined efforts and similar conclusions have been recognized in the name "[[Frank–Starling mechanism]]".<ref name="CNX2014"/>

Although [[Purkinje fibers]] and the [[bundle of His]] were discovered as early as the 19th century, their specific role in the [[electrical conduction system of the heart]] remained unknown until [[Sunao Tawara]] published his monograph, titled ''[[Das Reizleitungssystem des Säugetierherzens]]'', in 1906. Tawara's discovery of the [[atrioventricular node]] prompted [[Arthur Keith]] and [[Martin Flack]] to look for similar structures in the heart, leading to their discovery of the [[sinoatrial node]] several months later. These structures form the anatomical basis of the electrocardiogram, whose inventor, [[Willem Einthoven]], was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1924.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Silverman|first1=M.E.|title=Why Does the Heart Beat?: The Discovery of the Electrical System of the Heart|journal=[[Circulation (journal)|Circulation]]|date=13 June 2006|volume=113|issue=23|pages=2775–2781|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.616771|pmid=16769927|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The first [[Heart transplantation|heart transplant]] in a human ever performed was by [[James Hardy (surgeon)|James Hardy]] in 1964, using a chimpanzee heart, but the patient died within 2 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=David K.C. |date=2012-01-01 |title=A Brief History of Cross-Species Organ Transplantation |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783 |journal=Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=49–57 |doi=10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783 |issn=0899-8280 |pmc=3246856 |pmid=22275786}}</ref> The first human to human heart transplantation was performed in 1967 by the South African surgeon [[Christiaan Barnard]] at [[Groote Schuur Hospital]] in [[Cape Town]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-03 |title=The operation that took medicine into the media age |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-42170023 |access-date=2022-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Organ Donation |publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC |year=2012 |isbn=9780737762693 |pages=18}}</ref> This marked an important milestone in [[cardiac surgery]], capturing the attention of both the medical profession and the world at large. However, long-term survival rates of patients were initially very low. [[Louis Washkansky]], the first recipient of a donated heart, died 18 days after the operation while other patients did not survive for more than a few weeks.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cooley|first1=Denton A.|title=Recollections of the Early Years of Heart Transplantation and the Total Artificial Heart|journal=Artificial Organs|volume=35|issue=4|pages=353–357|doi=10.1111/j.1525-1594.2011.01235.x|pmid=21501184|year=2011|doi-access=free}}</ref> The American surgeon [[Norman Shumway]] has been credited for his efforts to improve transplantation techniques, along with pioneers [[Richard Lower (surgeon)|Richard Lower]], [[Vladimir Demikhov]] and [[Adrian Kantrowitz]]. As of March 2000, more than 55,000 heart transplantations have been performed worldwide.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miniati|first1=Douglas N.|last2=Robbins|first2=Robert C.|title=Heart transplantation: a thirty-year perspective: A Thirty-Year Perspective|journal=[[Annual Review of Medicine]]|volume=53|issue=1|pages=189–205|doi=10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104050|pmid=11818470|year=2002}}</ref> The first successful transplant of a heart from a [[Genetically modified organism|genetically modified]] pig to a human in which the patient lived for a longer time, was performed January 7, 2022 in [[Baltimore]] by heart surgeon [[Bartley P. Griffith]], recipient was David Bennett (57) this successfully extended his life until 8 March 2022 (1 month and 30 days).<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 News – In Memoriam: David Bennett, Sr. {{!}} University of Maryland School of Medicine |url=https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/news/2022/IN-MEMORIAM-David-Bennett-Sr.html |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=www.medschool.umaryland.edu}}</ref>

By the middle of the 20th century, [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]] had surpassed infectious disease as the leading cause of death in the United States, and it is currently the leading cause of deaths worldwide. Since 1948, the ongoing [[Framingham Heart Study]] has shed light on the effects of various influences on the heart, including diet, exercise, and common medications such as aspirin. Although the introduction of [[ACE inhibitor]]s and [[beta blocker]]s has improved the management of chronic heart failure, the disease continues to be an enormous medical and societal burden, with 30 to 40% of patients dying within a year of receiving the diagnosis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Neubauer|first1=Stefan|s2cid=1481349|title=The Failing Heart – An Engine Out of Fuel|journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine]]|date=15 March 2007|volume=356|issue=11|pages=1140–1151|doi=10.1056/NEJMra063052|pmid=17360992}}</ref>