Editing Great Pyramid of Giza (section)

==Pyramid complex==
{{See also|Giza pyramid complex}}
The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings, including small pyramids.

=== Temples and causeway ===
[[File:Vestiges-temple-khéops.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of the basalt floor of the temple at the east foot of the pyramid]]The Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured {{convert|52.2|m|ft}} north to south and {{convert|40|m|ft}} east to west, has almost entirely disappeared. Only some of the black [[basalt]] paving remains. There are only a few remnants of the causeway that linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple. The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated.{{sfn|Arnold|2005|pages=51–52}}{{sfn|Arnold|Strudwick|Strudwick |2002|p=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofa00diet/page/126 126]}}

=== East cemetery ===
The [[tomb of Queen Hetepheres I]], sister-wife of [[Sneferu]] and mother of Khufu, lies {{convert|110|m|ft}} east of the Great Pyramid.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Callender|url=http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/pubdocs/638/full/|title=Queen Hetepheres I|year=1990|pages=26}}</ref> Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition, the burial was intact, but the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty.

==== Subsidiary pyramids ====
On the southern end of the east side are four subsidiary pyramids The three that remain standing to almost full height are popularly known as the Queens' Pyramids ([[Pyramid G1-a|G1-a]], [[Pyramid G1-b|G1-b]] and [[Pyramid G1-c|G1-c]]). The fourth, smaller satellite pyramid ([[Pyramid G1-d|G1-d]]), is so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the first course of stones and, later, the remains of the capstone were discovered during excavations in 1991–1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital Giza {{!}} "The Satellite Pyramid of Khufu"|url=http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/pubdocs/998/full/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=giza.fas.harvard.edu}}</ref>

===Boats===
{{Main|Khufu ship|Solar barque}}
[[File:Giseh_Sonnenbarke_12.jpg|thumb|A restored Khufu ship was once displayed at the [[Giza Solar boat museum]] and is now relocated to the Grand Egyptian Museum.]]

Three boat-shaped pits are located east of the pyramid. They are large enough in size and shape to have held complete boats, though so shallow that any superstructure, if there ever was one, must have been removed or disassembled.

Two additional boat pits, long and rectangular in shape, were found south of the pyramid, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons.

The first of these was discovered in May 1954 by the Egyptian archaeologist [[Kamal el-Mallakh]]. Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood, the longest {{convert|23|m|ft}} in length, the shortest {{convert|10|cm|ft}}. These were entrusted to a boat builder, Haj Ahmed Yusuf, who worked out how the pieces fitted together. The entire process, including conservation and straightening of the warped wood, took fourteen years. The result is a cedar-wood boat {{convert|43.6|m|ft}} long, its timbers held together [[Sewn boat|by ropes]], which was originally housed in the [[Giza Solar boat museum]], a special boat-shaped, air-conditioned museum beside the pyramid. The boat is now in the [[Grand Egyptian Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A team from the Grand Egyptian Museum succeeded in the first trial run conducted to test the vehicles that will be used in the transferring the first Khufu Solar Boat from its current location|url=https://egymonuments.gov.eg/news/a-team-from-the-grand-egyptian-museum-succeeded-in-the-first-trial-run-conducted-to-test-the-vehicles-that-will-be-used-in-the-transferring-the-first-khufu-solar-boat-from-its-current-location/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=In pictures: Egypt pharaoh's 'solar boat' moved to Giza museum|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/in-pictures-58088867|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2021-08-07|accessdate=2021-08-07}}</ref>

During construction of this museum in the 1980s, the second sealed boat pit was discovered. It was left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.egyptpro.sci.waseda.ac.jp/e-khufu.html |title=Khufu's Second Boat |work=Institute of Egyptology |publisher=[[Waseda University]] |location=Tokyo |access-date=26 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111130227/http://www.egyptpro.sci.waseda.ac.jp/e-khufu.html |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pyramid town ===
Flanking the Giza pyramid complex is a [[Cyclopean masonry|cyclopean]] stone wall, the Wall of the Crow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wall of the Crow|url=http://www.aeraweb.org/lost-city-project/wall-of-the-crow/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503165327/http://www.aeraweb.org/lost-city-project/wall-of-the-crow/|archive-date=3 May 2019|access-date=13 August 2019|work=The Lost City|date=14 October 2009|publisher=AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates}}</ref> [[Mark Lehner]] discovered a worker's town outside the wall, otherwise known as "The Lost City", dated by pottery styles, seal impressions and [[stratigraphy]] to have been constructed and occupied during the reigns of Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472 BC).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Lost City of the Pyramids|url=http://www.aeraweb.org/projects/lost-city/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113033008/http://www.aeraweb.org/projects/lost-city/|archive-date=13 November 2010|access-date=21 October 2010|work=The Lost City|publisher=AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dating the Lost City|url=http://www.aeraweb.org/lost-city-project/dating-the-lost-city/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114052755/http://www.aeraweb.org/lost-city-project/dating-the-lost-city/|archive-date=14 November 2010|access-date=21 October 2010|work=The Lost City|publisher=AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates}}</ref> In the early 21st century, Lehner and his team made several discoveries, including what appears to have been a thriving port, suggesting the town and associated living quarters, which consisted of barracks called "galleries", may not have been for the pyramid workers after all, but rather for the soldiers and sailors who used the port. In light of this new discovery, as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived, Lehner suggested the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids, or possibly at nearby quarries.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2014|title=Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt's Giza Pyramids|url=http://www.livescience.com/42902-giza-pyramids-port-discovered.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003070512/http://www.livescience.com/42902-giza-pyramids-port-discovered.html|archive-date=3 October 2014|access-date=21 August 2014|publisher=Livescience.com}}</ref>

In the early 1970s, the Australian archaeologist [[Karl Kromer]] excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau. It contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu, which Kromer identified with an artisans' settlement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hawass|first=Zahi|title=Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt|year=1999|isbn=0-415-18589-0|editor=Kathryn A. Bard|editor-link=Kathryn A. Bard |pages=423–426|chapter=Giza, workmen's community|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death.{{sfnp|Hawass |Senussi|2008|pp=127–128}} A worker's cemetery used at least between Khufu's reign and the end of the [[Fifth Dynasty of Egypt|Fifth Dynasty]] was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Hawass in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hawass|first=Zahi|title=The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza|url=http://www.guardians.net/hawass/buildtomb.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101053824/http://guardians.net/hawass/buildtomb.htm|archive-date=1 November 2010|access-date=21 October 2010}}</ref>