Editing Espoo (section)

== Demographics ==

=== Population ===
{{Historical populations
| title= Historical population
| percentages = pagr
|state = collapsed
|1694<small>{{efn|According to a census taken in 1694, there were 817 people subject to a [[poll tax]] in the parish of Espoo. A widely used method to estimate the whole population is to add 10% to the given amount and multiply it by two, which amounts to approximately 1,800.<ref name="Nikander"/>}}</small>|1800
|1721<small>{{efn|The population is estimated to have fallen drastically due to the [[Great Famine of 1695–1697]] and the [[Finland during the Great Northern War|Russian occupation]] in 1713–1721.<ref name="Nikander"/>}}</small>|1500
|1749|1900
|1825|3600
|1865|4000
|1901|5888
|1910|7891
|1920|8817
|1930|11370
|1940|13378
|1950|22878
|1960|53042
|1970|92655
|1972|107244
|1980|137409
|1990|172629
|2000|213271
|2010|247970
|2020|292796
|NaN= 667
|source=1694–1865<ref name="Nikander">{{Cite book|last=Nikander|first=Hagar|title=Espoo 1700–1865|publisher=Espoon kaupunki|year=1984|isbn=951-95224-4-1|pages=23–24}}</ref> [[Statistics Finland]] (1972-2020)<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/>
}}
The city of Espoo has {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Espoo }}}} inhabitants, making it the second most populous municipality in Finland. The city of Espoo is part of the [[Helsinki metropolitan area]], which is the largest urban area in Finland with {{formatnum: {{#expr: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Helsinki}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Espoo}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Vantaa}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Mäntsälä}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Pornainen}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kauniainen}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kirkkonummi}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Vihti}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Nurmijärvi}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Hyvinkää}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tuusula}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Kerava}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Järvenpää}} + {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Sipoo}} }} }} inhabitants. The city is home to 5% of Finland's population. In Espoo, 22% of the population has a foreign background, almost three times the national average.<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons">{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5 | title=Number of foreign-language speakers grew by nearly 38,000 persons | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=12 September 2023 | language=en | archive-date=7 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001445/https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lprraorrr20dut5a0tywm5 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The city is the 7th most densely populated in Finland. In 2022, the average age of people in Espoo was 39.0 years, lower than the average age in Finland (43.7 years).<ref name="Stat-finland-population-2022">{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lphfzbrm4j0cw1b5wyor1h | title=Population structure 2000–2022, urban-rural classification | date=26 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=12 September 2023 | language=en | archive-date=9 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609223540/https://stat.fi/en/publication/cl8lphfzbrm4j0cw1b5wyor1h | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, the population of Espoo had the second highest average income in Finland after [[Kauniainen]].<ref name="Stat-finland-income-distribution-statistics">{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/statistics/tjt | title=Income distribution statistics | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=26 September 2023 | language=en | archive-date=26 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926201423/https://stat.fi/en/statistics/tjt | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Bar chart
| title   = Population size 1980–2020<ref name="Stat-finland-population-38,000-persons"/>
| label_type  = Year
| data_type   = Population
| bar_width = 47
| width_units = em
| label3  = 1990
| label4  = 1995
| label5  = 2000
| label6  = 2005
| label7  = 2010
| label8  = 2015
| label9  = 2020 
| data_max = 305000
| data3  = 172629
| data4  = 191247
| data5  = 213271
| data6  = 231704
| data7  = 247970
| data8  = 269802
| data9  = 292796
}}

=== Language ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|direction=row
|caption = Population by<br/>mother tongue (2024)<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>
|label1 = Finnish
|value1 = 68.7
|color1 = #002F6C
|label2 = Swedish
|value2 = 6.3
|color2 = #FFCD00
|label3 = Russian
|value3 = 3.5
|color3 = #D52B1E
|label4 = Arabic
|value4 = 1.9
|color4 = #165D31
|label6 = English
|value6 = 1.8
|color6 = #FFFFFF
|label5 = Estonian
|value5 = 1.8
|color5 = #0072CE
|label7 = Chinese
|value7 = 1.4
|color7 = #FFFF00
|label8 = Other
|value8 = 14.6
|color8 = #C5C5C5
}}

The city of Espoo is officially [[bilingual]], with both [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] as official languages. {{As of|2024}}, the majority of the population, {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Espoo}}}} persons ({{Percentage|sigfig = 3|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish|Espoo}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Espoo}}}}), spoke Finnish as their first language. The number of [[Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish speakers]] was {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Espoo }}}} persons ({{Percentage|sigfig = 2|{{Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish|Espoo}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Espoo}}}}) of the population. Foreign languages were spoken by {{Formatnum: {{pct|{{Data Finland municipality/native language other|Espoo}}|{{Data Finland municipality/native language total|Espoo}}|1}}}} of the population.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> As [[English language|English]] and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon. 

The proportion of Swedish speakers decreased the most in the 1950s: in the 1950s, Swedish speakers accounted for 43.1% of the population (about 10,800 people<ref name="doria-vuosikirja">[https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/78743/xyti_stv_195100_1952_dig.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Suomen tilastollinen vuosikirja] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307050529/https://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/78743/xyti_stv_195100_1952_dig.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=7 March 2023 }}, doria.fi 31 December 1950. Accessed on 14 May 2018.</ref>), while in 1960 they accounted for 23.5% (about 13,300 people<ref name="doria-vuosikirja"/>), due to rapid urbanisation, which led to strong positive immigration of Finnish speakers from other parts of the country.

The number of Swedish speakers increased slowly until the 2010s, when they numbered about 20,300, while the proportion decreased year by year. In 1996 the proportion fell below 10 per cent. {{As of|2024}}, the proportion of Swedish speakers in Espoo was 6.3% of the population. In absolute terms, Espoo was the second most Swedish-speaking municipality in Finland after Helsinki, ahead of [[Raseborg]], [[Vaasa]], [[Porvoo]] and [[Korsholm]].<ref name="väestö3112">[https://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rm.px/table/tableViewLayout1/ Väestö 31.12. muuttujina Alue, Sukupuoli, Vuosi, Kieli ja Tiedot]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Statistics Finland 2021, {{ISSN|1797-5379}}. Accessed on 31 March 2022.</ref>

In 2018, the largest proportions of Swedish speakers in Espoo were in [[Suvisaaristo]] (33.6%), [[Espoonkartano]] (29.9%), [[Sepänkylä]] (24.1%) and [[Bodom, Espoo|Bodom]] (21.3%).<ref name="aluesarjat">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aluesarjat.fi/ |title=Aluesarjat.fi – Taulukko: Espoon väestö äidinkielen mukaan 1.1. |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421153224/http://www.aluesarjat.fi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>  In absolute terms, the most Swedish speakers lived in [[Haukilahti]] (993 people) and [[Matinkylä]] (813 people).<ref name="aluesarjat"/>

The proportion of Finnish speakers has declined significantly over the past three decades. In 1999 the proportion of Finnish speakers was 88%, and in 2024 it was 68.7%. At the same time, the proportion of foreign language speakers has increased dramatically: in 1999 it was only about 4%, and in 2024 it was 25,0%. The foreign language speakers in Espoo are a heterogeneous group divided into tens of different languages, of which the Russian speakers form the largest part. <ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>

=== Immigration ===

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;" 
|colspan="3"|'''Population by country of birth (2024)'''<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>
|-\
! Nationality || Population || %
|-
|{{flag|Finland}} || 250,013 || 77.9
|-
|{{flag|Soviet Union}} || 6,792 || 2.1
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}} || 5,560 || 1.7
|-
|{{flag|India}} || 5,016 || 1.6
|-
|{{flag|China}} || 3,964 || 1.2
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}} || 3,425 || 1.1
|-
|{{flag|Russia}} || 2,907 || 0.9
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}} || 2,849 || 0.9
|-
|{{flag|Iran}} || 2,395 || 0.7
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}} || 1,825 || 0.6
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}} || 1,743 || 0.5
|- 
|Other || 34,442 || 10.7
|- 
|}
{{As of|2024}}, there were 80,691 people with an immigrant background living in Espoo, or 25% of the population.{{refn|Statistics Finland classifies a person as having a "foreign background" if both parents or the only known parent were born abroad.<ref name="statistics-finland-persons-with-foreign-background">{{cite web |access-date=18 September 2023 |title=Persons with foreign background |publisher=Statistics Finland |url=https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html |archive-date=5 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105084300/https://www.stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>|group=note}} There were 70,918 residents who were born abroad, or 22% of the population. The number of foreign citizens in Espoo was 49,245.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>

The relative share of immigrants in Espoo's population is almost three times higher than the national average. Moreover, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

The largest groups are from the former [[Soviet Union]], [[Estonia]], [[India]], [[China]], [[Iraq]] and [[Russia]].<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> The number of [[Indian people|people from India]] has increased sharply in recent years, especially in the areas of [[Olari, Espoo|Olari]] and [[Suurpelto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000009770722.html|title=Intiasta muuttaa yhä enemmän varakkaita osaajia Espooseen|trans-title=More and more wealthy people from India are moving to Espoo|first=Marika|last=Holappa|work=[[Helsingin Sanomat]]|date=8 August 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|language=fi|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813081230/https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000009770722.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lansivayla.fi/paikalliset/6062836|title=LV-reportaasi: Espooseen on syntynyt oma "Little India" – Länsiväylä kurkisti yhteisöön, joka pelaa krikettiä, syö vada paveja ja pitää tiivisti yhtä|trans-title=A "Little India" has been born in Espoo – ''Länsiväylä'' peeked into a community that plays cricket, eats ''Vada paves'' and is closely united|first=Santeri|last=Saarinen|work=[[Länsiväylä (newspaper)|Länsiväylä]]|date=12 July 2023|access-date=13 August 2023|language=fi}}</ref>

=== Religion ===

In 2023, the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Evangelical Lutheran Church]] was the largest religious group with 50.3% of the population of Espoo. Other religious groups accounted for 3.8% of the population. 45.9% of the population had no religious affiliation.<ref>[https://pxdata.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11ra.px Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023] Statistics Finland</ref>

According to the 2018 division Espoo is home to the following Evangelical Lutheran congregations:<ref>[https://evl.fi/yhteystiedot Yhteystiedot – Suomen evankelis-luterilainen kirkko] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210520/https://evl.fi/yhteystiedot |date=23 August 2018 }}, Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Accessed on 23 August 2018.</ref>
* Espoonlahti congregation (formerly known as the Kivenlahti congregation)
* Espoo cathedral congregation (formerly known as the Kanta-Espoo congregation)
* Leppävaara congregation
* Olari congregation
* Tapiola congregation
* Esbo svenska församling
Together these congregations form the Espoo Congregation Union ([[Finnish language|Finnish]]: ''Espoon seurakuntayhtymä'', [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Esbo kyrkliga samfällighet'').

In 2003, of the population of Espoo, 1.2 percent belonged to the [[Orthodox Church of Finland]], 0.4 percent were [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and 0.2 percent were [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]. Members of the [[Evangelical Free Church of Finland]], [[Latter Day Saint movement|Mormons]], [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Islam|Muslims]], other Orthodox and [[Methodism|Methodists]] amounted to 0.1 percent each.<ref>''[http://www.espoo.fi/download/noname/%7B1EB3E2A8-EBAE-4F88-8599-333B5ABDBC6F%7D/11194 Espoon hautausmaaselvitys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130103009/https://www.espoo.fi/download/noname/%7B1EB3E2A8-EBAE-4F88-8599-333B5ABDBC6F%7D/11194 |date=30 November 2022 }}'', p. 10. City of Espoo 2004, {{ISBN|951-857-468-5}}. Accessed on 25 February 2013.</ref>

There are five Lutheran churches in Espoo (each Finnish-speaking congregation has one), including the [[Espoo Cathedral]], the [[Espoonlahti Church]], the [[Olari Church, Espoo|Olari Church]], the [[Tapiola Church]] and the [[Leppävaara Church]]. There are also 27 chapels of the Lutheran Church in Espoo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130809065549/http://www.espoonseurakunnat.fi/web/asiointi/kirkot Kirkot], Espoonseurakunnat.fi. Accessed on 31 July 2013.</ref>

Of the Orthodox congregations in Finland, the [[Helsinki Orthodox Congregation]] is active in Espoo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ort.fi/seurakunnat-hiippakunnat-ja-luostarit/seurakunnat/helsingin-ortodoksinen-seurakunta | title=Helsingin ortodoksinen seurakunta | access-date=12 September 2022 | archive-date=6 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606072107/https://ort.fi/seurakunnat-hiippakunnat-ja-luostarit/seurakunnat/helsingin-ortodoksinen-seurakunta | url-status=dead }}</ref> It has the Church of the Sanctifier Herman of Alaska in Tapiola.<ref>[https://hos.fi/kirkot/tapiola-pyhan-herman-alaskalaisen-kirkko/ Tapiolan kirkko — Helsingin ortodoksinen seurakunta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912010640/https://www.hos.fi/kirkot/tapiola-pyhan-herman-alaskalaisen-kirkko/ |date=12 September 2022 }}, Helsinki Orthodox Congregation. Accessed on 9 October 2018.</ref>

Of the congregations of the Pentecostal Church of Finland, the Pentecostal Congregation of Espoo is active in Espoo. Individual [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] congregations in Espoo include the Espoonlahti Pentecostal congregation, the Keski-Espoo near congregation, the Leppävaara Missionary chapel and Mankby bibliska församling.<ref>[https://suomenhelluntaikirkko.fi/seurakunnat/ Seurakunnat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906183526/https://suomenhelluntaikirkko.fi/seurakunnat/ |date=6 September 2021 }}, Pentecostal Church of Finland. Accessed on 6 September 2021.</ref> Of the congregations of the Evangelical Free Church of Finland, the Espoo free congregation is active in Espoo.<ref>[https://www.svk.fi/seurakunnat/ Seurakunnat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007083557/https://www.svk.fi/seurakunnat/ |date=7 October 2022 }}, Evangelical Free Church of Finland. Accessed on 19 July 2022.</ref>