Editing Economy of Peru (section)

== Trade agreements ==

According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism, Peru decided to negotiate trade agreements to consolidate the access of Peruvian exports to its most important markets by giving them permanent benefits unlimited in time and coverage as opposed to temporary commercial preferences given unilaterally by certain countries; a system that did not allow Peruvian exporters embark in long-term export-related investments.<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=110&Itemid=133 ''Trade Agreements of Peru (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001202602/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=110&Itemid=133 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align="center "
|-
|
''' Economic Complementation Agreement '''
* Integration Agreement with [[Andean Community of Nations]]: {{Flag|Bolivia}}, {{Flag|Ecuador}} and {{Flag|Colombia}} (signed and effective 1969)
* ACE 50 with {{Flag|Cuba}} (signed October 2000 and effective 2001)
* ACE 58 with {{Flag|Mercosur}} (signed August 2003 and effective November 2005)
|-
|''' FTA (Free Trade Agreement) currently in force '''
* FTA with {{Flag|United States}} (signed April 2006 and effective February 2009).<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=55&Itemid=78 ''Trade Promotion Agreement Peru – USA (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001060330/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=55&Itemid=78 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</ref><ref>Office of the United States Trade Representative, [http://www.ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/peru-tpa ''Peru Trade Promotion Agreement'']. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</ref>
* FTA with {{Flag|Chile}} (signed August 2006 and effective March 2009)<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=70&Itemid=93 ''Free Trade Agreement between Peru and Chile (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001202727/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=70&Itemid=93 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</ref><ref>Chile – National Customs Service, [http://www.aduana.cl/prontus_aduana/site/artic/20070711/pags/20070711115113.html ''Free Trade Agreement Chile-Perú (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311225553/http://www.aduana.cl/prontus_aduana/site/artic/20070711/pags/20070711115113.html |date=11 March 2012}}. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</ref>
* FTA with {{Flag|Canada}}('''''[[Canada-Peru Free Trade Agreement|CPFTA]]''''') (signed May 2008 and effective August 2009)<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=60&Itemid=83 ''Free Trade Agreement Peru-Canada (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001202716/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=60&Itemid=83 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref><ref>Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, [http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/andean-andin/can-peru-perou.aspx?lang=en&view=d ''Canada – Peru Free Trade Agreement''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105203706/http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/andean-andin/can-peru-perou.aspx?lang=en&view=d |date=5 November 2011}}. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref>
* FTA with {{Flag|Singapore}} (signed May 2008 and effective August 2009)<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=65&Itemid=88 ''Free Trade Agreement Peru-Singapore (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001202722/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=65&Itemid=88 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref><ref>Singapore FTA Network, [http://www.fta.gov.sg/fta_pesfta.asp?hl=39 ''Peru-Singapore Free Trade Agreement''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117041004/http://www.fta.gov.sg/fta_pesfta.asp?hl=39 |date=17 November 2011}}. Retrieved 24 September 2011.</ref>
* FTA with {{Flag|China}} (signed April 2009 and effective March 2010)<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=42&Itemid=59 ''Free Trade Agreement Peru-China (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001202700/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=42&Itemid=59 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</ref><ref>China FTA Network, [http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enperu.shtml ''China-Peru FTA''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101161653/http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/enperu.shtml |date=1 January 2010}}. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</ref>
* FTA with {{Flag|South Korea}} (signed March 2011 and effective August 2011)<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=80&Itemid=103 ''Free Trade Agreement Peru-Korea (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001202737/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=80&Itemid=103 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</ref><ref>Republic of Korea – Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, [http://www.mofat.go.kr/english/econtrade/fta/effect/Peru/index.jsp ''Korea-Peru FTA''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110813002935/http://www.mofat.go.kr/english/econtrade/fta/effect/Peru/index.jsp |date=13 August 2011}}. Retrieved 25 September 2011.</ref>
* Partial FTA with {{Flag|Thailand}} (last protocol signed November 2010 and effective December 2011)<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=45&Itemid=69 ''Protocol between Peru and Thailand to Accelerate the Liberalization of Trade of Good and Trade Facilitation (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001202706/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=45&Itemid=69 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 27 September 2011.</ref><ref>Kingdom of Thailand – Ministry of Commerce, [http://www2.moc.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/moc_web/ewt_news.php?nid=4876&filename=index ''Peruvian Vice Minister of Foreign trade and Tourism and Thai Deputy Minister of Commerce signed the third Additional Protocol''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106202401/http://www2.moc.go.th/ewtadmin/ewt/moc_web/ewt_news.php?nid=4876&filename=index |date=6 November 2011}}. Retrieved 27 September 2011.</ref>
* FTA with {{Flag|Mexico}} (signed April 2011 and effective February 2012)
* FTA with {{Flag|Japan}} (signed May 2011 and effective March 2012)
* FTA with {{Flag|Panama}} (signed May 2011 and effective May 2012)
*FTA with EFTA {{Flag|Switzerland}}, {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}, {{Flag|Iceland}} and {{Flag|Norway}} (signed July 2010, {{Flag|Switzerland}} and {{Flag|Liechtenstein}} effective July 2011, {{Flag|Iceland}} effective October 2011, {{Flag|Norway}} effective July 2012)
* FTA with {{Flag|European Union}} (signed April 2011 and effective February 2013)<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=50&Itemid=73 ''Trade Agreement Peru-European Union (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001194324/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=50&Itemid=73 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 28 September 2011.</ref><ref>European Commission – Trade, [http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=691 ''Trade Agreement between the European Union and Colombia and Peru''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108221156/http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=691 |date=8 November 2011}}. Retrieved 28 September 2011.</ref>
* FTA with {{Flag|Costa Rica}} (signed May 2011 and effective June 2013)<ref>Peru – Ministry of Foreign Trade and Tourism: Trade Agreements of Peru, [http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=115&Itemid=138 ''Free Trade Agreement Peru-Costa Rica (in Spanish)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001194257/http://www.acuerdoscomerciales.gob.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=115&Itemid=138 |date=1 October 2011}}. Retrieved 30 September 2011.</ref><ref>Costa Rica – Ministry of Foreign Trade, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101121033334/http://www.comex.go.cr/acuerdos/peru/Paginas/default.aspx ''Free Trade Agreement with Peru (in Spanish)'']. Retrieved 30 September 2011.</ref>
*Partial FTA with {{Flag|Venezuela}} (signed January 2012 and effective August 2013)
*FTA with [[Pacific Alliance]] (signed February 2014 and effective May 2016)
*FTA with {{Flag|Honduras}} (signed May 2015 and effective January 2017)
|-
|''' FTA (Free Trade Agreement) concluded '''
*{{Flag|Guatemala}} (signed December 2011)
*{{Flag|Brazil}} (signed April 2016)
*{{Flag|Australia}} (signed February 2018)
*[[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership|CPTPP]] (signed March 2018)
|-
|''' FTA (Free Trade Agreement) in negotiation '''
*{{Flag|El Salvador}}
*{{Flag|India}}
*{{Flag|Turkey}}
|}

=== Peru – United States Trade Promotion Agreement ===
{{Main|United States – Peru Trade Promotion Agreement}}

The ''[[United States – Peru Trade Promotion Agreement]]'' ({{langx|es|link=no|Tratado de Libre Comercio Perú – Estados Unidos}}) is a bilateral [[free trade agreement]], whose objectives are eliminating obstacles to trade, consolidating access to goods and services and fostering private investment in and between the United States and [[Peru]]. Besides commercial issues, it incorporates economic, institutional, intellectual property, [[Labor relations|labor]] and [[environmental policy|environmental policies]], among others. The agreement was signed on 12 April 2006; ratified by the [[Congress of Peru|Peruvian Congress]] on 28 June 2006; by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] on 2 November 2007 and by the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] on 4 December 2007. The agreement was implemented on 1 February 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Proclamation 8341—To Implement The United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement And for Other Purposes|url=http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9-1573.pdf}}, published at 74 FR 4105, 22 January 2009</ref>

Peru looks to the agreement are to:
*Consolidate and extend the trade preferences under ATPDEA
*Attract foreign investment
*Generate employment
*Enhance the country's competitiveness within the region
*Increase workers' income
*Curb poverty levels
*Create and export sugar cane [[ethanol fuel|ethanol]]<ref>E85.whipnet.net, [http://e85.whipnet.net/news/sugar.cane.html Peruvian Desert to Host Ethanol Production Facility]. February 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2007.</ref>

The United States looks to the agreement to:
*Improve access to goods and services
*Strengthen its investments
*Promote security and democracy
*Fight against drug trafficking

The U.S.-Peru agreement has faced criticism. In Peru, the treaty was championed by Toledo, and supported to different extents by former President [[Alan García]] and candidates [[Lourdes Flores]] and [[Valentín Paniagua]]. [[Ollanta Humala]] has been its most vocal critic. Humala's [[Union for Peru]] won 45 of 120 seats in Congress in 2006, the largest share by a single party, prompting debate on ratification of the agreement before the new legislature was sworn in. Some Congressmen-elect interrupted the debate after forcibly entering Congress in an attempt to stop the agreement ratification.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5125852.stm "Peru Ratifies US Free Trade Deal"] 28 June 2006. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 29 June 2011.</ref>

One controversial element of the agreement relates to land resources. Laura Carlsen, of the Center for International Policy, who is also a contributor to Foreign Policy in Focus notes that "Indigenous organizations warn that this ruling effectively opens up 45 million hectares to foreign investment and timber, oil, and mining exploitation."<ref>[Trade Agreement Kills Amazon Indians {{cite web|title=Foreign Policy in Focus &#124; Trade Agreement Kills Amazon Indians|url=http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6200|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910085627/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6200|archive-date=10 September 2009|access-date=20 May 2011}}]</ref>

However, most of the criticism of the agreement has focused on its potential impact on Peru's agricultural sector. By planting crops to similar to those subsidized by the U.S., Peru faced a competitive disadvantage in the production of agricultural products because poor farming families with inadequate tools, technology and techniques may not be able to produce crops at low enough prices to export. In response to these concerns, Peruvian lawmakers created a Compensation Fund which directed $34&nbsp;million per year to cotton, maize/corn, and wheat producers for a five-year period to help them adjust to the new competitive pressures.<ref>[http://www.lexis.com/research/retrieve?cc=&pushme=1&tmpFBSel=sel&totaldocs=&taggedDocs=Z3%3ACZ1%3A9Z4%3A1Z2%3A&toggleValue=&numDocsChked=5&prefFBSel=0&delformat=XCITE&fpDocs=&fpNodeId=&fpCiteReq=&expNewLead=id%3D%22expandedNewLead%22&brand=ldc&dedupeOption=0&T13=13&T14=14&T21=21&T24=24&T44=44&_m=b25310ca06c95e5101aed43f0564638e&docnum=13&_fmtstr=FULL&_startdoc=1&wchp=dGLzVtz-zSkAb&_md5=8b3fa70e011f0b65909af1841603d9c7&focBudTerms=&focBudSel=sel "Peruvian Congress Passes U.S. Free-Trade Pact"] {{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. Retrieved May 2011.</ref>

Toledo is therefore a market-oriented politician who continued to globalize Peru's economy and is rumored to be getting ready for another run for president. Toledo says bluntly that unless the poorest in the country are better educated, better paid, housed, and fed, the Peruvian economic miracle will stall.