Editing Eastern Bloc (section)

===Hungarian Revolution of 1956===
{{main|Hungarian Revolution of 1956}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:HungarianRevolution BudapestAfter.jpg|thumb|Bodies in Budapest after [[Red Army]] invasion in the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]]] -->
After Stalin's death in 1953, a period of [[de-Stalinization]] followed, with reformist [[Imre Nagy]] replacing Hungarian Stalinist dictator Mátyás Rákosi.<ref>{{Citation | author=János M. Rainer | title = Stalin and Rákosi, Stalin and Hungary, 1949–1953 | date = 4 October 1997 | url =http://www.rev.hu/index_en.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20060909035345/http://www.rev.hu/index_en.html | archive-date =9 September 2006 | access-date =8 October 2006 }} (Paper presented on 4 October 1997 at the workshop "European Archival Evidence. Stalin and the Cold War in Europe", Budapest, 1956 Institute).</ref> Responding to popular demand, in October 1956, the Polish government appointed the recently [[Political rehabilitation|rehabilitated]] reformist [[Władysław Gomułka]] as First Secretary of the [[Polish United Workers' Party]], with a mandate to negotiate trade concessions and troop reductions with the Soviet government. After a few tense days of negotiations, on 19 October, the Soviets finally gave in to Gomułka's reformist requests.<ref name = satellite>{{cite web | title = Notes from the Minutes of the CPSU CC Presidium Meeting with Satellite Leaders, 24 October 1956 | website = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = 4 November 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc5.pdf | access-date = 2 September 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060908023412/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc5.pdf | archive-date = 8 September 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref>

The revolution began after students of the [[Budapest University of Technology and Economics|Technical University]] compiled a list of [[Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956]] and conducted protests in support of the demands on 22 October.<ref name=sixteen>Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Resolution by students of the Building Industry Technological University: [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956hungary-16points.html Sixteen Political, Economic, and Ideological Points, Budapest, 22 October 1956] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306232332/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1956hungary-16points.html |date=6 March 2009 }}. Retrieved 22 October 2006.</ref> Protests of support swelled to 200,000 by 6&nbsp;pm the following day,<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. A (Meetings and demonstrations), para 54 (p. 19) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.47&nbsp;MB)}}</ref><ref name="UN report 2C p55">UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 55 (p. 20) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.47&nbsp;MB)}}</ref> The demands included free secret ballot elections, independent tribunals, inquiries into Stalin and Rákosi Hungarian activities and that "the statue of Stalin, symbol of Stalinist tyranny and political oppression, be removed as quickly as possible." By 9:30&nbsp;pm the statue was toppled and jubilant crowds celebrated by placing [[Flag of Hungary|Hungarian flags]] in Stalin's boots, which was all that remained the statue.<ref name="UN report 2C p55" /> The [[ÁVH]] was called, Hungarian soldiers sided with the crowd over the ÁVH and shots were fired on the crowd.<ref name="UN report 2C p56">UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. C (The First Shots), para 56 (p. 20) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.47&nbsp;MB)}}</ref><ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary 1956'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. C (The First Shots), paragraphs 56–57 (p. 20) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.47&nbsp;MB)}}</ref>

By 2&nbsp;am on 24 October, under orders of Soviet defense minister [[Georgy Zhukov]], Soviet tanks entered Budapest.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II.C, para 58 (p. 20) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.47&nbsp;MB)}}</ref> Protester attacks at the Parliament forced the dissolution of the government.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II.F, para 65 (p. 22) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.47&nbsp;MB)}}</ref> A ceasefire was arranged on 28 October, and by 30 October most Soviet troops had withdrawn from Budapest to garrisons in the Hungarian countryside.<ref>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter II. F (Political Developments) II. G (Mr. Nagy clarifies his position), paragraphs 67–70 (p. 23) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.47&nbsp;MB)}}</ref> Fighting had virtually ceased between 28 October and 4 November, while many Hungarians believed that Soviet military units were indeed withdrawing from Hungary.<ref>Video: Revolt in Hungary {{cite web|url=http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html |title=1956-44 |access-date=8 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117094223/http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/selection/rip/4/av/1956-44.html |archive-date=17 November 2007}} Narrator: [[Walter Cronkite]], producer: CBS (1956) – Fonds 306, Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, OSA Archivum, Budapest, Hungary ID number: HU OSA 306-0-1:40</ref>
[[File:József körút - Corvin (Kisfaludy) köz sarok, háttérben a Kilián laktanya romos épülete. Kiégett szovjet T-34-85 harckocsi. Fortepan 24857.jpg|thumb|Budapest in 1956]]
The new government that came to power during the revolution formally disbanded ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the [[Warsaw Pact]] and pledged to re-establish free elections. The [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Politburo]] thereafter moved to crush the revolution. On 4 November, a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country.<ref name=troops>UN General Assembly ''Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary'' (1957) {{cite web |url= http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |title= Chapter IV. E (Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops), para 181 (p. 56) |access-date= 9 March 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090320024559/http://mek.oszk.hu/01200/01274/01274.pdf |archive-date= 20 March 2009 |url-status= live }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.47&nbsp;MB)}}</ref> The [[Csepel|last pocket of resistance]] called for ceasefire on 10 November. Over 2,500 Hungarians and 722 Soviet troops were killed and thousands more were wounded.<ref>Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Union and the 1956 Crises in Hungary and Poland: Reassessments and New Findings", ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 33, No. 2, April 1998, p. 210.</ref><ref>Péter Gosztonyi, "Az 1956-os forradalom számokban", ''Népszabadság'' (Budapest), 3 November 1990.</ref>

Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union, many without evidence.<ref>{{cite web | title = Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M. N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N. P. Dudorov (15 November 1956) | website = The 1956 Hungarian Revolution, A History in Documents | publisher = George Washington University: The National Security Archive | date = 4 November 2002 | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf | access-date = 2 September 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060908023144/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB76/doc8.pdf | archive-date = 8 September 2006 | url-status = live }}</ref> Approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary,<ref name="Cseresneyes">{{Citation|last=Cseresnyés |first=Ferenc |title=The '56 Exodus to Austria |journal=The Hungarian Quarterly |volume=XL |issue=154 |pages=86–101 |url=http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html |date=Summer 1999 |access-date=9 October 2006 |postscript=. |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127172402/http://www.hungarianquarterly.com/no154/086.html |archive-date=27 November 2004}}</ref> some 26,000 Hungarians were put on trial by the new Soviet-installed [[János Kádár]] government, and of those, 13,000 were imprisoned.<ref>{{cite conference | first = Adrienne | last = Molnár | author2 = Kõrösi Zsuzsanna | title = The handing down of experiences in families of the politically condemned in Communist Hungary | book-title = IX. International Oral History Conference | pages = 1169–1166 | year = 1996 | location = Gotegorg | url = http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/kadarrendszer/kzsma1 | access-date = 10 October 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070607034837/http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/tanulmanyok/kadarrendszer/kzsma1 | archive-date = 7 June 2007 | url-status = live }}</ref> Imre Nagy was executed, along with [[Pál Maléter]] and Miklós Gimes, after secret trials in June 1958. Their bodies were placed in unmarked graves in the Municipal Cemetery outside Budapest.<ref name="BBCJune16">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/ "On This Day 16 June 1989: Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425235008/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/16/ |date=25 April 2009 }} British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors. Retrieved 13 October 2006.</ref> By January 1957, the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition.