Editing Coral reef (section)

===Heat-tolerant symbionts===
Another possibility for coral restoration is gene therapy: inoculating coral with [[genetically modified bacterium|genetically modified bacteria]], or naturally-occurring heat-tolerant varieties of coral symbiotes, may make it possible to grow corals that are more resistant to climate change and other threats.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=gene-therapy-help-corals-survive-climate-change |title=Gene Therapy Could Help Corals Survive Climate Change |magazine=Scientific American| date=February 29, 2012}}</ref> Warming oceans are forcing corals to adapt to unprecedented temperatures. Those that do not have a tolerance for the elevated temperatures experience coral bleaching and eventually mortality. There is already research that looks to create genetically modified corals that can withstand a warming ocean. Madeleine J. H. van Oppen, James K. Oliver, Hollie M. Putnam, and Ruth D. Gates described four different ways that gradually increase in human intervention to genetically modify corals.<ref name="van Oppen-2015">{{Cite journal|last1=van Oppen|first1=Madeleine J. H.|last2=Oliver|first2=James K.|last3=Putnam|first3=Hollie M.|last4=Gates|first4=Ruth D.|date=2015-02-24|title=Building coral reef resilience through assisted evolution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=8|pages=2307–2313|doi=10.1073/pnas.1422301112|issn=0027-8424|pmid=25646461|pmc=4345611|bibcode=2015PNAS..112.2307V|doi-access=free}}</ref> These methods focus on altering the genetics of the zooxanthellae within coral rather than the alternative.

The first method is to induce acclimatization of the first generation of corals.<ref name="van Oppen-2015" /> The idea is that when adult and offspring corals are exposed to stressors, the zooxanthellae will gain a mutation. This method is based mostly on the chance that the zooxanthellae will acquire the specific trait that will allow it to better survive in warmer waters. The second method focuses on identifying what different kinds of zooxanthellae are within the coral and configuring how much of each zooxanthella lives within the coral at a given age.<ref name="van Oppen-2015" /> Use of zooxanthellae from the previous method would only boost success rates for this method. However, this method would only be applicable to younger corals, for now, because previous experiments of manipulation zooxanthellae communities at later life stages have all failed. The third method focuses on selective breeding tactics.<ref name="van Oppen-2015" /> Once selected, corals would be reared and exposed to simulated stressors in a laboratory.  The last method is to genetically modify the zooxanthellae itself.<ref name="van Oppen-2015" /> When preferred mutations are acquired, the genetically modified zooxanthellae will be introduced to an aposymbiotic poly and a new coral will be produced. This method is the most laborious of the fourth, but researchers believe this method should be utilized more and holds the most promise in genetic engineering for coral restoration.