Editing Conservatism (section)

==== Poland ====
{{Conservatism in Poland}}
The dominant conservative party in Poland is [[Law and Justice]] (PiS). Polish conservatism is characterized by social and cultural conservatism, patriotism, adherence to [[Catholic social teaching]], and cooperation with the [[Catholic Church in Poland|Catholic Church]].<ref name=Dudek>{{cite book |last=Dudek |first=Antoni |date=2023 |title=Historia polityczna Polski 1989–2023 |trans-title=Polish political history 1989–2023 |url=https://scholar.com.pl/pl/glowna/8768-historia-polityczna-polski-19892023.html |location=Warsaw |language=Polish |publisher=Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar |isbn=978-83-67450-66-9}}</ref> Contemporary Polish conservatives believe in [[Atlanticism]] and strong relations with the United States, meanwhile taking a stand against Russia.<ref name=Kaczyński>{{cite book |last=Kaczyński |first=Jarosław |date=September 30, 2011 |title=Polska naszych marzeń |url=https://lubimyczytac.pl/ksiazka/115668/polska-naszych-marzen |publisher=Drukarnia Akapit |isbn=9788378250005}}</ref>

PiS has taken a populist and statist approach to economics, expanding regulations, state control over industries and media, greatly expanding social welfare and applying [[Keynesian]]-esque "anti-crisis shields",<ref name=Dudek/> differentiating itself from previous conservative political parties and movements like [[Solidarity Electoral Action|AWS]] or [[National Democracy (Poland)|Endecja]]<ref name=Mackiewicz>{{cite book |last=Cat-Mackiewicz |first=Stanisław |date=2012 |title=Historia Polski od 11 listopada 1918 do 17 września 1939 |publisher=Universitas |isbn=97883-242-3740-1}}</ref> which believed in economic liberalism. Another difference to AWS is PiS' euroscepticism.<ref name=Dudek/> Though not opposing European Union membership, PiS pursues an assertive policy of conflict with the [[European Commission]],<ref name=Kaczyński/> which, in reaction, took a hostile stance against PiS. In the European Parliament, PiS belongs to the [[European Conservatives and Reformists Group|European Conservatives and Reformists]] group. Liberal media in Poland is vehemently biased against PiS and opposed to its rule, often calling it authoritarian.<ref name=Dudek/> Liberal scholar Antoni Dudek rejects giving PiS the authoritarian label, suggesting that PiS rejects the ideals of [[liberal democracy]] and instead embraces a "national democratic" or [[illiberal democracy|illiberal democratic]] form of governance.<ref name=Dudek/>

In the preceding [[interwar period]], Poland's conservative movement was split between the "Old" Galician and Kresy conservatives, usually landowners, which formed minor parties like the [[State Unity in the Kresy]], and the "New Conservative" movement of [[National Democracy (Poland)|National Democracy]] (Endecja) under [[Roman Dmowski]], which was oriented around the urban [[intelligentsia]] and [[petite bourgeoise]]. The latter sometimes cooperated with the right-wing factions of the [[Peasant movement#Poland|Polish peasant movement]], affiliated under the [[Polish People's Party "Piast" (1913–1931)|PSL "Piast"]] that cooperated with Endecja, creating a [[Chjeno-Piast|common government]] under the [[Lanckorona Pact]], although the peasant movement was still not a part of the conservative movement. Endecja espoused [[Russophilia]] and believed in cooperation with the [[Russian Empire]] and later the [[White Army]]. They also advocated maintenance of democracy, [[civic nationalism]], and [[parliamentarism]], opposing [[Józef Piłsudski]]'s [[Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government|BBWR]]'s attempts at [[presidential republic|empowering the presidency]] and later its absolute seizure of power.<ref name=Mackiewicz/> In contrast, many Old Conservatives, such as [[Stanisław Cat-Mackiewicz]], found themselves as allies of Marshal Piłsudski.<ref name=Mackiewicz/> Endecja rejected [[Romanticism in Poland|Romanticism]] and [[Christ of Europe|Messianism]], concepts which were important to the Old Conservatives.<ref name=rd>{{cite book |last=Dmowski |first=Roman |date=1903 |title=Myśli Nowoczesnego Polaka |publisher=Capital |trans-title=The Notions of a Modern Pole |url=https://capitalbook.com.pl/pl/p/Mysli-nowoczesnego-Polaka-Roman-Dmowski/1347 |language=Polish |isbn=978-83-64037-04-7}}</ref>