Editing Carl Jung (section)

===Psychedelics===

Jung's theories are considered to be a useful therapeutic framework for the analysis of unconscious phenomena that become manifest in the acute psychedelic state.<ref name="taylorfrancis.com"/><ref>Hill, S.J. 2013. Confrontation with the Unconscious: Jungian Depth Psychology and Psychedelic Experience: Muswell Hill Press</ref><ref name="carhart">{{cite journal| author1-first=R|author1-last=Carhart-Harris|author1-link=Robin Carhart-Harris|author2-first= K.J.|author2-last=Friston| title=The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas. | journal=Brain | year= 2010 | volume= 133 | issue= Pt 4 | pages= 1265–83 | pmid=20194141 | doi=10.1093/brain/awq010 | pmc=2850580 }}</ref><ref name=entropic/><ref>Clark, Gary. 'Integrating the Archaic and the Modern: The Red Book, Visual Cognitive Modalities and the Neuroscience of Altered States of Consciousness'. In ''Jung's Red Book for Our Time: Searching for Soul Under Postmodern Conditions Volume 4''. Ed. Murray Stein and Thomas Arzt. Chiron Publications.</ref> This view is based on correspondence Jung had with researchers involved in psychedelic research in the 1950s, as well as more recent neuroimaging research where subjects who are administered psychedelic compounds seem to have archetypal religious experiences of "unity" and "ego dissolution" associated with reduced activity in the default mode network.<ref name="carhart"/><ref name=entropic>{{Cite journal|title=The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs|first1=Robin|last1=Carhart-Harris|first2=Robert|last2=Leech|first3=Peter|last3=Hellyer|first4=Murray|last4=Shanahan|first5=Amanda|last5=Feilding|first6=Enzo|last6=Tagliazucchi|first7=Dante|last7=Chialvo|first8=David|last8=Nutt|date=8 August 2014|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=8|page=20 |doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00020|pmid=24550805|pmc=3909994 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ijjs/14/2/article-p97_1.xml|title=Carl Jung and the Psychedelic Brain: An Evolutionary Model of Analytical Psychology Informed by Psychedelic Neuroscience|first=Gary|last=Clark|date=9 September 2021|journal=International Journal of Jungian Studies|volume=14|issue=2|pages=97–126|via=brill.com|doi=10.1163/19409060-bja10017|s2cid=240246004 }}</ref>

This research has led to a re-evaluation of Jung's work, particularly the visions detailed in ''[[The Red Book (Jung)|The Red Book]]'', in the context of contemporary psychedelic, evolutionary, and developmental [[Jungian neuroscience|neuroscience]]. For example, in a chapter entitled "Integrating the Archaic and the Modern: The Red Book, Visual Cognitive Modalities and the Neuroscience of Altered States of Consciousness", in the 2020 volume ''Jung's Red Book for Our Time: Searching for Soul Under Postmodern Conditions, Volume 4'', it is argued Jung was a pioneer who explored uncharted "cognitive domains" that are alien to Western modes of thought. While such domains of experience are not part of mainstream Western culture and thought, they are central to various Indigenous cultures that use psychedelics such as [[Tabernanthe iboga|Iboga]] and [[Ayahuasca]] during rituals to alter consciousness. The author writes: "Jung seems to have been dealing with modes of consciousness alien to mainstream Western thought, exploring the terrain of uncharted cognitive domains. I argue that science is beginning to catch up with Jung who was a pioneer whose insights contribute a great deal to our emerging understanding of human consciousness."<ref>Clark, Gary. Integrating the Archaic and the Modern: The Red Book, Visual Cognitive Modalities and the Neuroscience of Altered States of Consciousness. In Jung's Red Book for Our Time: Searching for Soul Under Postmodern Conditions Volume 4. Ed. Murray Stein and Thomas Arzt. Chiron Publications, p. 147.</ref> In this analysis, Jung's paintings of his visions in ''[[The Red Book (Jung)|The Red Book]]'' were compared to the paintings of Ayahuasca visions by the Peruvian shaman [[Pablo Amaringo]].<ref>Clark, Gary. Integrating the Archaic and the Modern: The Red Book, Visual Cognitive Modalities and the Neuroscience of Altered States of Consciousness. In Jung's Red Book for Our Time: Searching for Soul Under Postmodern Conditions Volume 4. Ed. Murray Stein and Thomas Arzt. Chiron Publications, p. 158.</ref>

Commenting on research that was being undertaken during the 1950s, Jung wrote the following in a letter to Betty Eisner, a psychologist who was involved in LSD research at the University of California: "Experiments along the line of mescaline and related drugs are certainly most interesting since such drugs lay bare a level of the unconscious that is otherwise accessible only under peculiar psychic conditions. It is a fact that you get certain perceptions and experiences of things appearing either in mystical states or in the analysis of unconscious phenomena."<ref>Jung, C.G., [[Gerhard Adler|G. Adler]], and A. Jaffé. 1976. Letters: Routledge, p. 382.</ref>

An account of Jung and psychedelics, as well as the importance of Jungian psychology to psychedelic-assisted therapies, is outlined in Scott Hill's 2013 book ''Confrontation with the Unconscious: Jungian Depth Psychology and Psychedelic Experience''.<ref>Hill, S.J. 2013. Confrontation with the Unconscious: Jungian Depth Psychology and Psychedelic Experience: Muswell Hill Press.</ref> A 2021 article discusses Jung's attitude towards psychedelics, as well as the applicability of his ideas to current research.<ref name="auto"/> As the author writes, Jung's "...legitimate reservations about the clinical use of psychedelics are no longer relevant as the field has progressed significantly, devising robust clinical and experimental protocols for psychedelic-assisted therapies. That said Jung's concept of individuation—that is the integration of the archaic unconscious with consciousness—seems extremely pertinent to modern psychedelic research."<ref name="auto"/> The author also uses work in evolutionary and psychedelic neuroscience, and specifically the latter's ability to make manifest ancient subcortical brain systems, to illuminate Jung's concept of an archaic collective unconscious that evolved before the ego complex and the uniquely human default mode network.<ref name="auto"/>