Editing Bolesław III Wrymouth (section)

==Seals and coinage==
[[File:Bulla Krzywoustego.jpg|thumbnail|right|Bulla discovered in Ostrów Tumski (2005)]]
Of the five oldest preserved [[Seal (emblem)|seals]] from Polish rulers four were discovered in various places during 2002–06, while one of more than 100 years ago.<ref>The first seal, on basis of detailed research, was assigned to Władysław I Herman. M. Andrałojć, W. Andrałojć: [http://www.bulla.archeo.edu.pl/index.htm ''Nie śniło się historykom'' (in Polish)]. [retrieved 26 July 2014]; F. Piekosiński: ''Najdawniejszy dokument polski, Wiadomości Numizmatyczno-Archeologiczne'', vol. IV, 1899–1902. p. 493.</ref> Polish archaeologists made further discoveries in [[Głębokie, Gniezno County|Głębokie]] (2002), in [[Ostrów Tumski, Poznań|Ostrów Tumski]] (2005), in [[Gniezno]] (2005) and in an undisclosed location in the village of Susk near [[Sierpc]], 32&nbsp;km. from Płock (2006).<ref name="Suchodolski, p. 1">S. Suchodolski: [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:063x5WX-1M4J:pau.krakow.pl/Streszczenie.pdf+Badania+nad+Boles%C5%82awem+Krzywoustym&hl=pl&gl=pl&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj_4D6JmLNcStqSOKyFLi4DpoRF-QxXuPzql9VuUXp3FSStaD15mCoe0On9bHNixSlkS8YYevCgChcvFu6WpXddvc_5Cf4dNYPp8opkMLyz_1jfoqfkAVa09gQD9t6pyj3ECnMK&sig=AHIEtbSfNNq3FbdJ9Ivkkru_NUEtQsfcbw ''Nowe (mazowieckie) znalezisko bulli Bolesława Krzywoustego i problemy ołowianych pieczęci we wczesnośredniowiecznej Polsce, p. 1'' (in Polish).] [retrieved 26 July 2014].</ref><ref name="Andrałojć">M. Andrałojć, W. Andrałojć: [http://www.bulla.archeo.edu.pl/bulle.htm ''Bulle księcia Bolesława Krzywoustego'' (in Polish)] [retrieved 26 July 2014].</ref> The first preliminary studies suggested that the seals could belonged to Bolesław III Wrymouth. They are made of [[lead]], a durable material, with a diameter of 36–40&nbsp;mm.<ref name="Suchodolski, p. 1"/> The lead seals are used at that time in European courts and are from the ''[[Bulla (seal)|Bulla]]'' tipe.<ref>The Bulla is the seal of the highest rank. Originally from ancient Rome, in the Middle Ages was commonly used in offices and in the zones with Byzantine cultural influence, including the Principalities of Kievan Rus': the oldest preserved Bulla from this area are dated already from the second half of the 10th century, including the Bulla of Duke Sviatoslav. M. Andrałojć, W. Andrałojć: [http://www.bulla.archeo.edu.pl/index.htm ''Nie śniło się historykom'' (in Polish)] [retrieved 26 July 2014].</ref> Seals are known in municipal and military orders. Occasionally, in the most important documents (acts) were used [[golden bull]]as.<ref name="M. Andrałojć">M. Andrałojć, W. Andrałojć: [http://www.bulla.archeo.edu.pl/index.htm ''Nie śniło się historykom''] (in Polish) [retrieved 26 July 2014].</ref>

The discovered bullas from Bolesław's reign fall into two major types, differing in the form of writing:

* Type I: extended stored on the obverse in the genitive, with the Latin word ''sigillum''. 
* Type II: short and around the bulla.

One example from both type of seals came from the relationship with [[Adalbert of Prague|St. Adalbert]], where he emphasizes his pontifical recognition (in type I) and in the crosier, with the gesture of the imposition of hands, clearly visible in the seals after [[Antiques restoration|restoration]] (in type II).<ref name="Andrałojć"/> The use of the genitive seals in Poland came from the 12th century, a phenomenon (unprecedented), with its only then monetary equivalent in the denarius with the Latin legend: ''Denarivs ducis Bolezlai''.<ref>S. Suchodolski: ''Denar w kalecie'', ill. nr 16.</ref><ref>S. Suchodolski: [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:063x5WX-1M4J:pau.krakow.pl/Streszczenie.pdf+Badania+nad+Boles%C5%82awem+Krzywoustym&hl=pl&gl=pl&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj_4D6JmLNcStqSOKyFLi4DpoRF-QxXuPzql9VuUXp3FSStaD15mCoe0On9bHNixSlkS8YYevCgChcvFu6WpXddvc_5Cf4dNYPp8opkMLyz_1jfoqfkAVa09gQD9t6pyj3ECnMK&sig=AHIEtbSfNNq3FbdJ9Ivkkru_NUEtQsfcbw ''Nowe (mazowieckie) znalezisko bulli Bolesława Krzywoustego i problemy ołowianych pieczęci we wczesnośredniowiecznej Polsce, p. 2'' (in Polish)] [retrieved 26 July 2014].</ref> At the end of Bolesław's reign returned to the staid mold inscriptions with the Latin legend: ''Dvx Bolezlavus''. According to S. Suchodolski the bullas were used for the authentication of princely documents like letters, privileges, judgments, etc.,<ref>S. Suchodolski: [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:063x5WX-1M4J:pau.krakow.pl/Streszczenie.pdf+Badania+nad+Boles%C5%82awem+Krzywoustym&hl=pl&gl=pl&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj_4D6JmLNcStqSOKyFLi4DpoRF-QxXuPzql9VuUXp3FSStaD15mCoe0On9bHNixSlkS8YYevCgChcvFu6WpXddvc_5Cf4dNYPp8opkMLyz_1jfoqfkAVa09gQD9t6pyj3ECnMK&sig=AHIEtbSfNNq3FbdJ9Ivkkru_NUEtQsfcbw ''Nowe (mazowieckie) znalezisko bulli Bolesława Krzywoustego i problemy ołowianych pieczęci we wczesnośredniowiecznej Polsce, p. 3'' (in Polish)] [retrieved 26 July 2014].</ref> and by T. Jurek, they could also be used to secure the business arrangements (like buy of doors, chests, reliquaries).<ref name="Andrałojć"/>

In October 2006, the [[Poznań Society of Friends of Learning]] has confirmed that the discovered bullas during 2002–05 belonged to Bolesław III Wrymouth.<ref name="M. Andrałojć"/>
[[File:Denar rys krzywousty3.png|thumbnail|right|Denarius with the legend ''ADALBIBVS'']]
[[File:Denar rys sieciech1.png|thumbnail|right|Denarius with "cavalry" cross of Sieciech]]
During Bolesław's reign appeared a two-sided [[denarius]], which was denominated the foreign coin (Polish: ''monetą obcą''). The first known denarius from this time bears the Latin legend ''Bolezlav''. For the others most commonly used coins bears the Latin inscription ''Bolezlavs, denarivus, dicis Bolezlai'' with St. Adalbert in the reverse. Another type of coins didn't have legends. They differ mostly came from the weight: they were much lighter, punched for purely economic purposes.<ref name="Garbaczewski">W. Garbaczewski: [http://www.nbportal.pl/pl/np/numizmatyka/historia-monet/sredniowiecze/polska-epoka-denarowa-w-mennictwie-polskim ''Polska: Epoka denarowa w mennictwie polskim'' (in Polish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202003848/http://www.nbportal.pl/pl/np/numizmatyka/historia-monet/sredniowiecze/polska-epoka-denarowa-w-mennictwie-polskim |date=2 February 2012 }} [retrieved 26 July 2014].</ref>

[[File:Denar rys krzywousty2.png|thumbnail|Boleslaw's ''protective'' bracteate]]
In this time was also modeled mainly on the Magdeburg technique a [[bracteate]], who was one of the oldest in Europe. There are two types of bracteates who dated from Bolesław's reign:

* The type II shows in both sides before Bolesław and St. Adalbert, who put his hand over the ruler in a gesture of protection. The legend shows the Latin inscription ''Bolezlaus Adalbertus''. This bracteate initially was considered a way of penance from Bolesław for Zbigniew's blinding.<ref>In older literature, there was a view that classified this bracteate with the name of ''penitential''. W. Garbaczewski: [http://www.nbportal.pl/dyskm/numizmatyka/materialy_papierowe/plakaty_ulotki/Polskie_monety_kruszcowe_od_X_wieku___Wystawa_w_Muzeum_Numizmatycznym_NBP___folder.pdf ''Polskie monety kruszcowe od X wieku, p. 6''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823213913/http://www.nbportal.pl/dyskm/numizmatyka/materialy_papierowe/plakaty_ulotki/Polskie_monety_kruszcowe_od_X_wieku___Wystawa_w_Muzeum_Numizmatycznym_NBP___folder.pdf |date=23 August 2013 }} (in Polish) [retrieved 26 July 2014]; M. Gumowski: ''Podręcznik numizmatyki polskiej'', p. 25.</ref> Was probably minted in Kraków around 1127.<ref>According to  A. Mikołajczyk this bracteate was minted only in 1135. M. Folwarniak: [http://www.poszukiwanieskarbow.com/numizmatyka/brakt-krzywousty2.html ''Pierwsze polskie brakteaty. Poglądy na ich temat w ujęciu historycznym'' (in Polish)] [retrieved 26 July 2014].</ref>
* The type I is less frequent. Showed St. Adalbert in episcopal robes, holding a crozier and Gospel. Legend of the coin determines the form of the Archbishop of Gniezno.<ref>W. Garbaczewski: [http://www.nbportal.pl/dyskm/numizmatyka/materialy_papierowe/plakaty_ulotki/Polskie_monety_kruszcowe_od_X_wieku___Wystawa_w_Muzeum_Numizmatycznym_NBP___folder.pdf ''Polskie monety kruszcowe od X wieku, p. 6''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823213913/http://www.nbportal.pl/dyskm/numizmatyka/materialy_papierowe/plakaty_ulotki/Polskie_monety_kruszcowe_od_X_wieku___Wystawa_w_Muzeum_Numizmatycznym_NBP___folder.pdf |date=23 August 2013 }} (in Polish) [retrieved 26 July 2014]</ref> Further studies have shown that the coin was minted between the period of the Congress of Merseburg (1135) and Bolesław's death (1138). It is now called the ''protective'', since illustrates the protection of St. Adalbert to the Polish ruler, who after his homage to the Holy Roman Empire in 1135 only recognizes the saint as his protector. It is one of the few examples of political propaganda in the coin's legend.<ref name="Folwarniak">M. Folwarniak: [http://www.poszukiwanieskarbow.com/numizmatyka/brakt-krzywousty2.html ''Pierwsze polskie brakteaty. Poglądy na ich temat w ujęciu historycznym'' (in Polish)] [retrieved 26 July 2014].</ref> According to A. Schmidt this was an Archbishop's coin which was minted in Gniezno, probably in 1135.<ref name="Folwarniak"/>

In addition to the two presented bracteates from Bolesław's there is one, which is now counted among the oldest known in [[numismatics]]. This bracteate was found in [[Brzeg, Poddębice County|Brzeg]] (in [[Gmina Pęczniew]]) and preserved almost the 2/3 part of the whole weight of 0.61 g and a diameter of 27&nbsp;mm. The coin shows the figure of the ruler with crown, sword in hand and an outstretched hand. Initially, was believed that showed Władysław II the Exile. Further studies, included by A. Mikolajczyk, identified this image with Bolesław III Wrymouth. Among researchers, however, today, there are discrepancies about what ruler showed the coin, because the inscription preserved is incomplete.<ref name="Folwarniak"/>

Princely [[Mint (coin)|mints]] are mostly located in Wrocław, Płock, Gniezno and Kraków. In that time also existed private mints, such as Palatine Sieciech, who placed them in Sieciechów and near Kraków.<ref name="Garbaczewski"/>