Editing Black people (section)

===Brazil===
{{Main|Afro-Brazilians}}
The concept of race in [[Brazil]] is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of their parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African ancestry and a very light [[mulatto]] individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of [[Human hair color|hair color]], [[Hair#Texture|hair texture]], [[eye color]], and [[Human skin color|skin color]]. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.<ref name=skidmore>{{cite journal|author=Skidmore, Thomas E.|title=Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil|journal=Working Paper|volume=173|url=http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/173.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/173.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|date=April 1992}}</ref>

Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving [[Social mobility|upward mobility]] and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree, arguing that "[[Racial whitening|whitening]]" of one's social status may be open to people of [[mixed race]], a large part of the population known as ''[[pardo]]'', but a person perceived as ''preto'' (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status.<ref>{{cite book|author=Telles, Edward Eric|title=Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwJoyyXm7ZkC|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-11866-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/raceinanotherame0000tell/page/95 95–98]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Telles, Edward E.|title=Racial Ambiguity Among the Brazilian Population|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|url=http://www.ccpr.ucla.edu/ccprwpseries/ccpr_012_01.pdf|volume=25|pages=415–441|date=3 May 2002|publisher=California Center for Population Research|doi=10.1080/01419870252932133|issue=3|s2cid=51807734|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050115211322/http://www.ccpr.ucla.edu/ccprwpseries/ccpr_012_01.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2005}}</ref>

====Statistics====
{| class=wikitable align=center
!colspan=11|Brazilian Population, by Race, from 1872 to 1991 (Census Data)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/ |title=Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento |publisher=IBGE |language=pt-BR |access-date=29 December 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923103736/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/|archive-date=23 September 2009}}</ref>
|-
!Ethnic group||White||Black||Brown||Yellow (East Asian)||Undeclared||Total
|-align="right"
|1872||3,787,289||1,954,452||4,188,737||–||–||9,930,478
|-align="right"
|1940||26,171,778||6,035,869||8,744,365||242,320||41,983||41,236,315
|-align=right
|1991||75,704,927||7,335,136||62,316,064||630,656||534,878||146,521,661
|-align="right"
|}
{| class=wikitable style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;"
|+Demographics of Brazil
|-
!Year!! White!!Pardo!!Black
|-
|1835
|24.4%||18.2%||51.4%
|-
|2000
|53.7%||38.5%||6.2%
|-
|2010
|48.4%||42.4%||6.7%
|}

From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil. The territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas.<ref>{{cite book|author=Telles, Edward Eric|title=Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwJoyyXm7ZkC|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-11866-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/raceinanotherame0000tell/page/24 24]}}</ref> Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-ancestry outside Africa. In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government in Brazil and the later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-[[miscegenation]] or segregation laws. As in other Latin American countries, [[Interracial marriage|intermarriage]] was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward. In addition, people of [[mixed race]] (''pardo'') often tended to marry white spouses, and their descendants became accepted as white. As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6.2% identified as black, and 39.5% identified as pardo (brown)—a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Brazil|access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref>

In the 19th century, a philosophy of [[racial whitening]] emerged in Brazil, related to the assimilation of mixed-race people into the white population through intermarriage. Until recently the government did not keep data on race. However, statisticians estimate that in 1835, roughly 50% of the population was ''preto'' (black; most were [[Slavery in Latin America|enslaved]]), a further 20% was ''pardo'' (brown), and 25% white, with the remainder [[Amerindian]]. Some classified as pardo were tri-racial.

By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing.<ref name="skidmore" /> A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry.<ref>V.F. Gonçalves, F. Prosdocimi, L. S. Santos, J. M. Ortega and S. D. J. Pena, [http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2007/vol2-6/gmr0330_full_text.htm "Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians"], ''GMR'', 2007, Vol. 12, No. 6.</ref>

====Race relations in Brazil====
[[File:Ogum.JPG|thumb|right|Brazilian [[Candomblé]] ceremony]]
According to the 2022 census, 10.2% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 7.6% in 2010, and 45.3% said they were racially mixed, up from 43.1%, while the proportion of self-declared white Brazilians has fallen from 47.7% to 43.5%. Activists from Brazil's Black movement attribute the racial shift in the population to a growing sense of pride among African-descended Brazilians in recognising and celebrating their ancestry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mixed-race people become Brazil's biggest population group {{!}} Brazil {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/22/mixed-race-brazil-largest-population-group |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=theguardian.com}}</ref>

The philosophy of the [[racial democracy]] in Brazil has drawn some criticism, based on economic issues. Brazil has one of the largest gaps in income distribution in the world. The richest 10% of the population earn 28 times the average income of the bottom 40%. The richest 10 percent is almost exclusively white or predominantly European in ancestry. One-third of the population lives under the [[Poverty threshold|poverty line]], with blacks and other [[people of color]] accounting for 70 percent of the poor.<ref>{{cite web|author=Barrolle, Melvin Kadiri|title=African 'Americans' in Brazil|publisher=New America Media|url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=5b8d531de860940110af2433244782c6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516030431/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=5b8d531de860940110af2433244782c6|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 May 2007|access-date=5 August 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Henry Chamberlain - Quitandeiras da Lapa.jpg|thumb|left|Fruit sellers in [[Lapa, Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro]], c. 1820]]
In 2015 United States, African Americans, including multiracial people, earned 76.8% as much as white people. By contrast, black and mixed race Brazilians earned on average 58% as much as whites in 2014.<ref name="EconomistSlaverysLegacies">{{cite news|title=Slavery's legacies|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21706510-american-thinking-about-race-starting-influence-brazil-country-whose-population|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref> The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color. Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color.<ref>{{cite web|author=Roland, Edna Maria Santos|title=The Economics of Racism: People of African Descent in Brazil|url=http://www.falapreta.org.br/durban/racism.doc|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614014314/http://www.falapreta.org.br/durban/racism.doc|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Jean Baptiste Debret - Loja de barbeiros, 1821.jpg|thumb|Black people in Brazil, c. 1821]]
Some commentators{{Who|date=September 2016}} observe that the United States practice of [[Racial segregation|segregation]] and [[white supremacy]] in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle, whereas the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African ancestry between those with more or less ancestry and helped sustain an image of the country as an example of post-colonial harmony. This has hindered the development of a common identity among black Brazilians.<ref name="EconomistSlaverysLegacies"/>

Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage<ref name=Phillips>Tom Phillips, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/17/brazil-census-african-brazilians-majority "Brazil census shows African-Brazilians in the majority for the first time"], ''The Guardian'', 17 November 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2018.</ref> of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of [[Salvador, Bahia]], for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color.

Patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term ''negro'' to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-sep-03-oe-rodriguez3-story.html|title=Brazil Separates into a World of Black and White|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Gregory |last=Rodriguez|date=3 September 2006|access-date=6 May 2018}}</ref>