Editing Anthony Perkins (section)

==Legacy==
[[File:AnthonyPerkinsWalkofFame.jpg|thumb|Perkins's star on the Walk of Fame for Motion Pictures, located at 6821 Hollywood Blvd.]]
Perkins is considered a cultural icon and an influential figure in film because of his long career, most notably his defining role as [[Norman Bates]] in ''Psycho''. Countless references, spoofs, and documentaries have been made about the thriller and his homicidal character, and it has led many to pronounce the motion picture as the greatest horror film of all time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/22/psycho-horror-hitchcock|title=Psycho: the best horror movie of all time|website=The Guardian|date=October 22, 2010 |access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/columns/psycho-60th-anniversary-alfred-hitchcock-norman-bates-1234636252/|title=Psycho Turns 60: the Scariest Thing About Hitchcock's Masterpiece is its Humanity|website=Variety|date=June 16, 2020 |access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/best-horror-movies-of-all-time/|title=200 Best Horror Movies of All Time|website=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref> AFI named Norman Bates the second greatest villain of all time, beaten only by [[Hannibal Lecter]] from ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|The Silence of the Lambs]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afi.com/afis-100-years-100-heroes-villians/|title=AFI's 100 Years{{nbsp}}... 100 Heroes & Villains|website=AFI|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref>

The character of Norman Bates has been referenced numerous times in both music and film. As early as 1964, just four years after the release of ''Psycho'', [[Bob Dylan]] referenced the film extensively on his track "[[Motorpsycho Nightmare]]," a humorous tale about a traveling salesman. Perkins is even mentioned by name:
{{poemquote|1=
There stood Rita
Lookin' just like Tony Perkins
She said "Would you like to take a shower?
I'll show you up to the door"
I said, "Oh, no! no!
I've been through this movie before"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bobdylan.com/songs/motorpsycho-nightmare/|title=Motorpsycho Nightmare|website=bobdylan.com|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref>
}}

Even after the immediate release of ''Psycho'', its influence remained prominent. In 1977, [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]] referenced Norman Bates on their track "[[Kidnapper (song)|Kidnapper]]": "Hey, you've got an unnerving face/And twitchin' eyes like Norman Bates."<ref>{{cite web |title=Kidnapper |url=https://genius.com/Blondie-kidnapper-lyrics |access-date=January 22, 2022 |website=Genius}}</ref> In 1981, English band [[Landscape (band)|Landscape]] released the song "Norman Bates" with the chorus "My name is Norman Bates; I'm just a normal guy." In 1999, [[Eminem]] referenced Bates on "[[Role Model (song)|Role Model]]": "I'm 'bout as normal as Norman Bates with deformative traits/...{{nbsp}}Mother, are you there? I love you/I never meant to hit you over the head with that shovel (That shovel)."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Eminem-role-model-lyrics|title=Role Model|website=Genius|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> Five years later, [[Kanye West]] paid homage to Perkins's homicidal character on "[[Gossip Files]]": "Uh, they are the dream (Killer Norman Bates)."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Kanye-west-gossip-files-lyrics|title=Gosip Files|website=Genius|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> Even fifty-five years after the film's release, [[Lil Wayne]] mentioned the iconic character on "Amazing Amy": "I'm Norman Bates and this bitch ain't normal, our kids gon' be nuts (Not the babies!)."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://genius.com/Lil-wayne-amazing-amy-lyrics|title=Amazing Amy|website=Genius|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> Perkins was mentioned by name in the iconic 1996 film ''[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]'', where Billy Loomis, about to kill Sidney Prescott, says, "'We all go a little mad sometimes'–Anthony Perkins, ''Psycho''."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054215/movieconnections/?ref_=tt_trv_cnn|title=Psycho (1960): Connections|publisher=IMDb|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> This seemed to only solidify Perkins's icon status in the horror genre.

It was not just ''Psycho'' that was admired. Perkins's first major motion picture, ''Friendly Persuasion'', received an abrupt resurgence in interest after President [[Ronald Reagan]] labeled the film as his favorite. It also served diplomatic purposes: during one of their five [[List of Soviet Union-United States summits#Cold War (1985–1991)|summit meetings]], Reagan gifted the film to Soviet General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] because he viewed the film as symbolic of the need to find an alternative to war as a means of resolving differences between peoples. One Quaker commentator stated: "''Friendly Persuasion'' seems to me to come about as close to truth and fairness as I expect to see Hollywood get in a treatment of Quakerism; I recommend it to every Quaker parent, as projecting images their children ought to see and imitate{{nbsp}}... I believe (critics have) woefully misjudged the film, on several counts: its place in American cinema, the characters and their roles, its historicity, and, not least, its value as an expression of the Peace Testimony. Here, for perhaps the only time, I think Ronald Reagan was closer to the truth when he commended the film to Gorbachev because it 'shows not the tragedy of war, but the problems of pacifism, the nobility of patriotism as well as the love of peace.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Fager|first=Chuck|title=Filming the Reputation of Truth: Quakers in the Movies|url=http://www.afriendlyletter.com/afl122.html|work=A Friendly Letter|access-date=February 10, 2013|year=1991|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520133914/http://www.afriendlyletter.com/afl122.html|archive-date=May 20, 2013}}</ref> ''Fear Strikes Out'' also was subjected to similar treatment after it was nominated for the [[American Film Institute]]'s 2008 list in the sports film category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees |format=PDF |access-date=January 23, 2022|url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |archive-date=July 16, 2011}}</ref> Even his European films were praised: eight years after Perkins's death, renowned and respected film critic Roger Ebert called ''The Trial'' a masterpiece.<ref name="Ebert">{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-trial-1963|date=February 25, 2000|title=The Trial|last=Ebert|first=Roger|work=RogerEbert.com|publisher=Ebert Digital LLC|access-date=July 13, 2018}}</ref>

Even if they were not distinguished by an award, many of Perkins's films earned cult followings throughout the years. ''The Trial'' was one of them,<ref name="Ebert"/> with some people considering the film even better than ''[[Citizen Kane]]''. ''[[Pretty Poison (film)|Pretty Poison]]'' was another instance, and perhaps the most famous.<ref name="perkins"/> Television appearances such as ''[[Evening Primrose (ABC Stage 67)|Evening Primrose]]'' and ''[[Remember My Name (film)|Remember My Name]]'' also received this treatment, with ''Primrose'' finding a big fan in famous singer [[Michael Jackson]].<ref name="Evening Primrose"/> The same occurred with ''[[The Black Hole (1979 film)|The Black Hole]]''<ref name="Turner Classic Movies"/> and ''[[Crimes of Passion (1984 film)|Crimes of Passion]]''.{{sfn|Winecoff|1996|p=420}}

Perkins has also been considered an icon of the New York actors of [[Hollywood's Golden Age]], often being compared to legendary performers [[Marlon Brando]], [[Montgomery Clift]], and even [[James Dean]], whom he was once set to replace. He became a poster child for neurotic and shy men, many of whom felt outcast in average American society. Other times, he was the model for odd boys with murderous tendencies. Either way, Perkins was always praised for his heartfelt and dedicated performances, as Brando, Clift, and Dean had been.<ref name="Ferrell"/> Generations of actors were inspired by him, as [[Sebastian Stan]] put: "I have a bit of an obsession with the 1950s and all those actors from Montgomery Clift to James Dean and Anthony Perkins. Just that whole era of [[Tennessee Williams]] to [[Elia Kazan]]. The whole idea of New York and the whole thing becomes kind of romantic in your head."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.augustman.com/my/men-of-the-year/men-of-the-year-2016/|title=Men of the Year 2016|website=Augustman|date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> [[Jane Fonda]] credited Perkins alone with making her comfortable in front of the camera,<ref name="Bosworth 2011"/> and Michael Simkims, who worked with Perkins just months before his death on ''A Demon in My View'', remembered Perkins well for his professionalism and willingness to help anyone–including himself–who was having trouble with a scene.<ref>{{cite web|last=Simkims|first=Michael|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2002/may/15/artsfeatures.theatre|title=An Actor's Life|website=The Guardian|date=May 15, 2002 |access-date=January 23, 2022}}</ref> Established actors admired his abilities, as Maria Cooper Janis remembered about her father, [[Gary Cooper]]: "I know my father adored Tony Perkins. He thought he was one hell of an actor."<ref name="advocate.com"/> After his death, Perkins's art still lingered in Hollywood, especially in the Academy Award-nominated thriller film ''[[Knives Out]]'', which was inspired by ''The Last of Sheila'', according to the film's director-producer [[Rian Johnson]].<ref>{{cite tweet|title=Edit room posters: Knives Out edition... |user=rianjohnson |number=1090746718398820352 |first=Rian |last=Johnson |date=January 31, 2019 |access-date=January 25, 2022}}</ref>

It was not just his professional life that became part of Perkins's legacy. He was outspoken about politically left causes, making him appealing to liberals. He was recognized by numerous minorities, including the ones he belonged to, as a tireless advocate for the causes he stood for, such as civil rights, feminism, and (even despite his own closeted nature) LGBTQ+ rights and same-sex marriage.<ref name="Kennedy"/><ref name="Ferrell"/> By the late 1960s, just as the [[Stonewall riots]] hit their stride and gay rights protests began to appear all over the country, Perkins and his lover Grover Dale were seen as role models for gay professionals who wanted to have open relationships.{{sfn|Winecoff|1996|p=284}}

His death from AIDS-related causes also greatly affected how he was remembered. Alongside [[Rock Hudson]], Perkins is considered one of the most significant actors to have died from the disease.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> There were countless tributes to him around the world, pouring in from news stations and average citizens. In New Zealand, Perkins was one of the many famous people honored in their national AIDS remembrance quilt in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aidsquilt.org.nz/quilt-blocks/block-12/|title=The New Zealand Quilt Project: World AIDS Day|access-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref>

Although rumors had always persisted, Perkins was not confirmed as gay until a posthumous biography by Charles Winecoff entitled ''Split Image: the Life of Anthony Perkins'' was published in 1996. The book delves deep into Perkins's personal life and his battle with his sexuality while being a poster-child for heterosexual men, something the author claimed deeply tormented him.{{sfn|Winecoff|1996|p=300}} The biography's publication led to Perkins being featured in numerous gay magazines, most notably ''The Advocate''.{{fact|date=January 2024}}

In 2005, former partner Tab Hunter released the memoir ''Tab Hunter Confidential'', in which he publicly came out as a gay man.<ref name="nyt2003/09/09">{{cite news|last=Weinraub|first=Bernard|date=September 9, 2003|title=A Star's Real Life Upstages His Films; Tab Hunter Looks Back on Sadness and Success and Ahead to a Book|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/09/movies/star-s-real-life-upstages-his-films-tab-hunter-looks-back-sadness-success-ahead.html|access-date=March 8, 2016|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In the autobiography, he admitted to his relationship with Perkins for the first time after having previously denied it to biographers. He detailed their three- to four-year affair, with its many ups and downs. "We were both drawn to each other because we were both ambitious young actors swimming in the Hollywood fishbowl," Hunter wrote, "where the waters are dark and murky and treacherous, especially if you've got a 'secret.{{'"}}{{sfn|Hunter|2006|p=136}} This returned public interest to Perkins once more, this time as both a cinematic and gay icon.{{fact|date=January 2024}}

[[File:Anthony-Perkins-Jump-Series.jpg|thumb|left|Anthony Perkins leaping for [[Philippe Halsman]]'s "Jump" series]]
Nearly a decade later, Perkins was portrayed by British actor [[James D'Arcy]] in the 2012 biographical drama ''[[Hitchcock (film)|Hitchcock]]'', which starred [[Anthony Hopkins]] as [[Alfred Hitchcock]] and [[Helen Mirren]] as [[Alma Reville]], about the filming of ''Psycho''. His character was featured briefly, with most of the screen time going to [[Scarlett Johansson]], who played [[Janet Leigh]]. His homosexuality was never explicitly mentioned, but it was heavily implied.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gilbey|first=Ryan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/01/james-darcy-star-hitchcock|title=James D'Arcy: 'I delivered my first line and Anthony Hopkins burst out laughing'|website=The Guardian|date=February 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xSNfsmKy34|title=Hitchcock: James D'Arcy On Researching His Role As Anthony Perkins|date=February 28, 2013 |via=YouTube |access-date=January 18, 2022}}</ref> Three years afterwards, Tab Hunter released the [[Jeffrey Schwarz]]-directed documentary ''[[Tab Hunter Confidential]]'', where he further elaborated on his life as a closeted movie star and surviving show-business. Perkins was a substantial addition in the film, whom Hunter said he had a "wonderful relationship with. I was comfortable with him. I did trust him." He also spoke for the first time about his reaction to Perkins's wife, children, and [[conversion therapy]].<ref name="Tab Hunter Confidential"/> The film was well received by critics, and Perkins's sexuality and relationship with Hunter became a popular story that circulated through newspapers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nevins|first=Jake|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jul/10/tab-hunter-how-hollywoods-boy-next-door-became-a-gay-icon|title=Tab Hunter: how Hollywood's boy next door became a gay icon|website=The Guardian|date=July 10, 2018 |access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref>

A year following ''Tab Hunter Confidential''{{'}}s release, Perkins's son, Oz, released the Netflix-distributed ''[[I Am the Pretty Thing That Lives in the House]]'', a horror film about a caretaker for an elderly woman. [[Paula Prentiss]], who had starred alongside Perkins in ''Catch-22'', was cast because of her association with the late star and was the only option his son had in mind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/horror/features/767749-interview-director-oz-perkins-on-i-am-the-pretty-thing-that-lives-in-the-house#/slide/1|title=Interview: Director Oz Perkins on I Am the Pretty Thing that Lives in the House|website=Coming Soon|date=September 19, 2016 |access-date=January 23, 2022}}</ref> In interviews, Oz discussed how the film was a way to connect with his deceased father and how horror (since Perkins is a horror icon) was the only way to do it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/73-oz-perkins/id1204949508?i=1000463988636 |title=Oz Perkins - Post Mortem with Mick Garris |website=Podcasts.Apple.com |publisher=Nice Guy Productions|access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40400661/the-blackcoats-daughter-director-oz-perkins-on-why-the-best-scary-movies-are-sad-movies|title='The Blackcoat's Daughter' Director Oz Perkins On Why The Best Scary Movies Are Sad Movies|website=Fast Company|date=March 31, 2017 |access-date=January 23, 2022 |last1=Taroy |first1=Daniel }}</ref> The soundtrack for the film was composed by [[Elvis Perkins]], Perkins's second son, and "You Keep Coming Back (Like a Song)" off of Perkins's 1958 ''From My Heart{{nbsp}}...'' album was a central part of the plot. In the film, the characters can also be seen watching ''Friendly Persuasion''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5059406/trivia/?ref_=tt_trv_trv|title=I Am the Pretty Thing that Lives in the House (2016): Trivia|publisher=IMDb|access-date=January 23, 2022}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Zachary Quinto]] and [[J. J. Abrams]] announced that a new film was in the works. Entitled ''Tab and Tony'' ("hesitantly," as they later reported), the film would follow the Tab Hunter/Anthony Perkins relationship from Hunter's point of view, and was based on both Hunter's documentary and memoir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/06/j-j-abrams-to-produce-tab-hunter-anthony-perkins-romance.html|title=J.J. Abrams and Zachary Quinto Bring You the Tab Hunter/Anthony Perkins Romance You Now Need|website=Vulture|date=June 6, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref><ref name="hollywoodreporter.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/jj-abrams-zachary-quinto-making-film-tab-hunter-anthony-perkins-1117878/|title=Tab Hunter, Anthony Perkins Forbidden Love Drama in the Works From J.J. Abrams, Zachary Quinto (Exclusive)|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=June 6, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/jj-abrams-zachary-quinto-tab-hunter-anthony-perkins-love-story-1202834923/|title=JJ Abrams, Zachary Quinto Developing Tab Hunter-Anthony Perkins Movie|website=Variety|date=June 6, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/06/06/j-j-abrams-zachary-quinto-producing-tab-hunter-anthony-perkins-romance/|title=J.J. Abrams, Zachary Quinto producing Tab Hunter, Anthony Perkins romance film|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref> Pulitzer Prize- and Tony Award-winning writer [[Doug Wright]] was attached to create the screenplay,<ref name="hollywoodreporter.com"/> and even after Hunter's death a month after the announcement, Quinto announced that plans to create the film were still in place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/zachary-quinto-tab-hunter-death-anthony-perkins-movie-jj-abrams-1202873000/|title=Zachary Quinto on Making Tab Hunter Film After His Death: "I Want to Honor His Legacy"|website=Variety|date=July 13, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref> In 2019, [[Allan Glaser]], Tab Hunter's husband, who was signed onto the film as a producer, made a positive update about the film's progress and stated that [[Andrew Garfield]] was a possible candidate to play Perkins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newnownext.com/tab-hunter-anthony-perkins-biopic-tab-and-tony/07/2019/|title=An Update on the Tab Hunter and Anthony Perkins Relationship Biopic|website=NewNowNext|access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref>

Perkins was a part of [[Philippe Halsman]]'s famous "Jump" series, in which Halsman requested all famous sitters to leap for him under the impression that while people were trained in many other things, no one was ever taught how to jump. Alongside famous Hollywood contemporaries such as [[Eartha Kitt]], [[Audrey Hepburn]], [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Sammy Davis Jr.]], [[Grace Kelly]], [[Sophia Loren]], and even [[Tab Hunter]], Halsman's photo of a jumping Perkins has been widely reproduced and shared over the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/philippe-halsman-jump-book-photographs-audrey-hepburn-earhta-kitt|title=Marilyn Monroe, Audrey Hepburn, and More Perfect Philippe Halsman's Jump Pose|website=Vogue|date=October 14, 2015 |access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://philippehalsman.com/?image=jumps|title=Jumps|website=philippehalsman.com|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.magnumphotos.com/arts-culture/philippe-halsman-jump-book/|title=Philippe Halsman: Jump|website=Magnum Photos|access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref>

For his work, Perkins received two stars on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]: one for motion pictures (6821 Hollywood Blvd.) and one for television (6801 Hollywood Blvd.).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://walkoffame.com/anthony-perkins/|title=Anthony Perkins|website=Walk of Fame|date=October 25, 2019 |access-date=January 14, 2022}}</ref>