Editing ASEAN (section)

==Environment==
[[File:Borneo fires October 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Haze over [[Borneo]], 2006]]
[[File:Asean-co2-emissions-per-capita.png|thumb|[[Greenhouse gas emissions]] per capita of different ASEAN countries.]]
At the turn of the 21st century, ASEAN began to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the [[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]] in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia, arguably the region's most high-profile environmental issue.<ref>ASEAN Secretariat. [http://www.asean.org/8914.htm ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]. Extracted 12 October 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302193935/http://www.asean.org/8914.htm |date=2 March 2012 }}</ref> Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of haze in [[2005 Malaysian haze|2005]], [[2006 Southeast Asian haze|2006]], [[2009 Southeast Asian haze|2009]], [[2013 Southeast Asian haze|2013]], and [[2015 Southeast Asian haze|2015]].
As of 2015, thirteen years after signing the [[ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution]], the situation with respect to the long term issue of [[Southeast Asian haze]] had not changed for 50% of the ASEAN member states, and still remained as a crisis every two years during summer and fall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel Advise for Swiss Abroad in Singapore (German)|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/singapore/de/home/reisehinweise/vor-ort.html|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025050641/https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/singapore/de/home/reisehinweise/vor-ort.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Travel advise for Swiss abroad in Malaysia|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/de/home/vertretungen-und-reisehinweise/malaysia/reisehinweise-fuermalaysia.html|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016162730/https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/de/home/vertretungen-und-reisehinweise/malaysia/reisehinweise-fuermalaysia.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Travel advise for Swiss abroad in Indonesia|url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/de/home/vertretungen-und-reisehinweise/indonesien/reisehinweise-fuerindonesien.html|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016162730/https://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/de/home/vertretungen-und-reisehinweise/indonesien/reisehinweise-fuerindonesien.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Trash dumping from foreign countries (such as Japan and Canada) to ASEAN has yet to be discussed and resolved.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/years-after-2500-tonnes-of-canadian-trash-landed-in-manila-philippines-demanding-we-take-it-back | title=Years after 2,500 tonnes of Canadian trash landed in Manila, Philippines demanding we take it back | newspaper=National Post | access-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Important issues include [[deforestation]] (with Indonesia recorded the largest loss of forest in the region, more than other member states combined in the 2001–2013 period<ref>{{cite web|title=Country Rankings|url=http://www.globalforestwatch.org/countries/overview|website=Global Forest Loss|access-date=2 March 2015|archive-date=7 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407032917/http://www.globalforestwatch.org/countries/overview}}</ref>), plastic waste dumping (5 member states were among the top 10 out of 192 countries based on 2010 data, with Indonesia ranked as second worst polluter<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jambeck |first=Jenna |author-link=Jenna Jambeck |s2cid=206562155 |title=Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean |journal=Science |date=13 February 2015 |volume=347 |issue=6223 |pages=768–771 |doi=10.1126/science.1260352 |pmid=25678662 |bibcode=2015Sci...347..768J}}</ref>), threatened mammal species (Indonesia ranked the worst in the region with 184 species under threat<ref>{{cite web|title=Mammal species, threatened|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.MAM.THRD.NO/countries|website=World Bank|publisher=UN Environmental Forum; [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]]; [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)|access-date=24 June 2015|date=2014|archive-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626100548/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.MAM.THRD.NO/countries|url-status=live}}</ref>), threatened fish species (Indonesia ranked the worst in the region<ref>{{cite web|title=Fish species, threatened|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.FSH.THRD.NO/countries|website=The World Bank|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053308/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.FSH.THRD.NO|url-status=live}}</ref>), threatened (higher) plant species (Malaysia ranked the worst in the region<ref>{{cite web|title=Plant species (higher), threatened|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.HPT.THRD.NO/countries|website=The World Bank|access-date=24 June 2015|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053308/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.HPT.THRD.NO|url-status=live}}</ref>).
[[File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-South-And-South-East-Asia-en.png|thumb|[[Solar irradiance]] map of South and Southeast Asia, showing the high potential of [[solar power]] in ASEAN.]]
ASEAN's aggregate economy is one of the fastest growing in the world. It is expected to grow by 4.6% in 2019, and 4.8% in 2020, but at the cost of the release about 1.5 billion tonnes of [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] to the atmosphere every year. That makes ASEAN a greater source of [[greenhouse gas emissions]] than Japan (1.3 billion tonnes per year) or Germany (796 million tonnes per year). It is the only region in the world where coal is expected to increase its share of the [[energy mix]].<ref name="Overland 100019" /> According to the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA), "Since 2000 [ASEAN's] overall energy demand has grown by more than 80% and the lion's share of this growth has been met by a doubling in [[fossil fuel]] use,... Oil is the largest element in the regional energy mix and coal, largely for power generation, has been the fastest growing."<ref name="E&E-20191120" /> ASEAN has been criticized for not doing enough to [[Climate change mitigation|mitigate climate change]] although it is the world's most vulnerable region in terms of [[Climate change in Southeast Asia|climate impact]].<ref name="Overland 100019" />

ASEAN has many opportunities for [[renewable energy]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=An Overview of Spatial Policy in Vietnam |url=https://www.mlit.go.jp/kokudokeikaku/international/spw/general/vietnam/index_e.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=mlit.go.jp}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Do|first1=Thang Nam|last2=Burke|first2=Paul J.|last3=Nguyen|first3=Hoang Nam|last4=Overland|first4=Indra|last5=Suryadi|first5=Beni|last6=Swandaru|first6=Akbar|last7=Yurnaidi|first7=Zulfikar|date=2021-12-01|title=Vietnam's solar and wind power success: Policy implications for the other ASEAN countries|journal=Energy for Sustainable Development|volume=65|pages=1–11|doi=10.1016/j.esd.2021.09.002|issn=0973-0826|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021ESusD..65....1D |hdl=1885/248804|hdl-access=free}}</ref> With [[Solar power|solar]] and [[wind power]] plus off river pumped hydro storage, ASEAN electricity industry could achieve very high penetration (78%–97%) of domestic solar and wind energy resources at a competitive levelised costs of electricity range from 55 to 115 U.S. dollars per megawatt-hour based on 2020 technology costs.<ref name=":2" /> Vietnam's experience in solar and wind power development provides relevant implications for the other ASEAN countries.<ref name=":3" /> The proposed [[ASEAN Power Grid]] could allow for renewable energy transmission from large producers like [[Vietnam]] to others within ASEAN.

=== Energy transition ===
{{See also|ASEAN Power Grid}}[[File:Key features of energy transition in Southeast Asia.png|thumb|Key features of energy transition in Southeast Asia]]
The ASEAN has initiated its transition to cleaner energy sources. This transition is characterized as Demanding, Doable, and Dependent.<ref name="Do">{{Cite journal |last=Do |first=Thang Nam |date=May 2024 |title=Insider perspectives on Southeast Asiaʼs clean energy transition |journal=Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies|volume=11 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/app5.390 |issn=2050-2680|doi-access=free }}</ref> With approximately 679 million inhabitants, the region is witnessing a substantial surge in energy demand, projected to triple by 2050. However, transitioning energy sources requires significant resources. Southeast Asia would need to invest US$27 billion annually in renewable energy to achieve the target of 23% renewables in the primary energy supply by 2025. Nevertheless, this goal is attainable with the implementation of appropriate policies.<ref name="Do" />

Vietnam serves as a compelling example of rapid adoption of solar and wind energy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do |first1=Thang Nam |last2=Burke |first2=Paul J. |last3=Nguyen |first3=Hoang Nam |last4=Overland |first4=Indra |last5=Suryadi |first5=Beni |last6=Swandaru |first6=Akbar |last7=Yurnaidi |first7=Zulfikar |date=2021-12-01 |title=Vietnam's solar and wind power success: Policy implications for the other ASEAN countries |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S097308262100096X |journal=Energy for Sustainable Development |volume=65 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1016/j.esd.2021.09.002 |bibcode=2021ESusD..65....1D |issn=0973-0826|hdl=1885/248804 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Since 2019, Vietnam has emerged as a regional leader, with solar and wind energy accounting for 13% of its electricity mix in 2022, a remarkable increase from nearly zero in 2017. Though, the region requires international assistance to meet its net-zero emission targets.<ref name="Do" /> Phasing out coal remains a daunting task, although countries such as Indonesia and Vietnam have pledged to phasing out coal power by 2040s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Do |first1=Thang Nam |last2=Burke |first2=Paul J. |date=2024-06-01 |title=Phasing out coal power in two major Southeast Asian thermal coal economies: Indonesia and Vietnam |journal=Energy for Sustainable Development |volume=80 |pages=101451 |doi=10.1016/j.esd.2024.101451 |issn=0973-0826|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024ESusD..8001451D |hdl=1885/317223 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Several high-profile leaders such as the head of the Indonesian national energy company [[Perusahaan Listrik Negara|PLN]], [[Darmawan Prasodjo]], have stated that the [[ASEAN Power Grid]] proposal is key to unlocking the potential for green energy in southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=ASEAN AIPF Opened by President, PLN Presents Green Enabling Supergrid |url=https://www.jcnnewswire.com/pressrelease/86382/2/ASEAN-AIPF-Opened-by-President,-PLN-Presents-Green-Enabling-Supergrid |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=jcnnewswire.com}}</ref>