Editing Zoetrope (section)

==Invention==
===Simon Stampfer (1833)===
[[Simon Stampfer]], one of the inventors of the [[phenakistoscope|phenakistiscope]] animation disc (or "stroboscopic discs" as he called them), suggested in July 1833 in a pamphlet that the sequence of images for the stroboscopic animation could alternatively be placed on a cylinder, or a looped strip of paper or canvas stretched around two parallel rollers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stampfer|first=Simon|title=Die stroboscopischen Scheiben; oder, Optischen Zauberscheiben: Deren Theorie und wissenschaftliche Anwendung |year=1833 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUk0AQAAMAAJ&q=stampfer%20scheiben&pg=PA10-IA1}}</ref>

===William Horner (1834)===
After taking notice of [[Joseph Plateau]]'s invention of the phénakisticope (published in London as "phantasmascope") British mathematician [[William George Horner]] thought up a cylindrical variation and published details about its mathematical principles in January 1834.<ref name="horner-1">{{cite book |title=The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |year=1834 |pages=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XmrkAAAAMAAJ&q=On+the+Properties+of+the+Daedaleum,+A+New+Instrument+of+Optical+Illusion&pg=PA36}}</ref> He called his device the ''Dædaleum'', as a reference to the Greek myth of [[Daedalus]].<ref name="Herbert1">Herbert, Stephen. (n.d.) {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140505163417/http://www.stephenherbert.co.uk/wheelZOETROPEpart1.htm ''From Daedaleum to Zoetrope'', Part 1.]}} Retrieved May 31, 2014.</ref> Horner's revolving drum had viewing slits between the pictures, instead of above as the later zoetrope variations would have. Horner planned to publish the dædaleum with optician King, Jr in Bristol but it "met with some impediment probably in the sketching of the figures".<ref name="horner-1" />

===Experimental photographic sequence viewers (1850s–1860s)===
[[File:1855 czermak - das Stereophoroskop (fig. 26) (crop).jpg|thumb|Czermak's 1855 Stereophoroskop]]
During the next three decades the phénakisticope remained the more common animation device, while relatively few experimental variations followed the idea of Horner's dædaleum or Stampfer's stroboscopic cylinder. Most of the zoetrope-like devices created between 1833 and 1865 were intended for viewing photographic sequences, often with a stereoscopic effect.<ref name="Herbert1" /> These included [[Johann Nepomuk Czermak]]'s Stereophoroskop, about which he published an article in 1855.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?url=/permanent/vlp/lit15017/index.meta&viewMode=auto&pn=1|last=Czermak|title=Das Stereophoroskop|year=1855|language=de}}</ref>

On February 27, 1860, [[Peter Hubert Desvignes]] received British patent no. 537 for 28 monocular and stereoscopic variations of cylindrical stroboscopic devices. This included a version that used an endless band of pictures running between two spools that was intermittently lit by an electric spark.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UXTAAgAAQBAJ&q=peter+hubert+desvignes+patent&pg=PA31|title=Stereoscopic Cinema and the Origins of 3-D Film, 1838-1952|first=Ray|last=Zone|date=February 3, 2014|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=9780813145891|via=Google Books}}</ref> Desvignes' ''Mimoscope'', received an Honourable Mention "for ingenuity of construction" at the [[1862 International Exhibition]] in London.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/medalsandhonour00goog |title=Medals and Honourable Mentions Awarded by the International Juries: With a ... |date=April 10, 1862 <!-- |publisher=Her Majesty's Commissioners --> |publisher=1862 International exhibition |pages=201 |language=English |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> It could "exhibit drawings, models, single or stereoscopic photographs, so as to animate animal movements, or that of machinery, showing various other illusions."<ref>{{cite book|title=Handbook to the industrial department of the International exhibition, 1862|last=Hunt|first=Robert|year=1862|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fUHAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA181}}</ref> Desvignes "employed models, insects and other objects, instead of pictures, with perfect success." The horizontal slits (like in Czermak's Stereophoroskop) allowed a much improved view, with both eyes, of the opposite pictures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GFAAAAAYAAJ&q=mimoscope&pg=PA777|title=Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People|date=April 10, 1868|publisher=W. and R. Chambers|via=Google Books}}</ref>

===William Ensign Lincoln & Milton Bradley's Zoetrope (1865–1867)===
[[File:1867-04 lincoln patent US64117-0R.jpg|thumb|W.E. Lincoln's U.S. Patent No. 64,117 of April 23, 1867]]
William Ensign Lincoln invented the definitive zoetrope in 1865 when he was about 18 years old and a sophomore at [[Brown University]], Providence, Rhode Island. Lincoln's patented version had the viewing slits on a level ''above'' the pictures, which allowed the use of easily replaceable strips of images. It also had an illustrated paper disc on the base, which was not always exploited on the commercially produced versions. On advice of a local bookstore owner, Lincoln sent a model to color lithographers and board game manufacturers [[Milton Bradley Company|Milton Bradley and Co.]]<ref name="Herbert1" /> Some shop owners advertised the zoetrope in American newspapers in December 1866.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Indianapolis Daily Journal]] |date=December 3, 1866}}</ref> William E. Lincoln applied for a U.S. patent for his ''Zoëtrope'' on July 27, 1866<ref name="Veras">{{Cite journal |last=Veras |first=Christine |date=April 23, 2022 |title=Reanimating the History and the Forgotten Characteristics of the Zoetrope |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/17468477221085412 |journal=Animation|volume=17 |pages=26–48 |doi=10.1177/17468477221085412 |s2cid=248367347 |via=SAGE}}</ref> as an assignor to Milton Bradley, and it was granted on April 23, 1867.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US64117.pdf |title=Toy patent |website=docs.google.com |date=1867 }}</ref> 
It was also patented in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] on June 7, 1867 (application March 6, 1867) under no. 629, by Henry Watson Hallett (as a communication to him by Milton Bradley),<ref name="Herbert1" /> and in the [[Second French Empire]] by Charles William May (filed May 14, 1867).<ref name="Veras" />

Over the years Milton Bradley released at least seven numbered series of twelve zoetrope strips each, as well as a set of twelve strips by Professor [[Robert Hallowell Richards]] showing the gradual transformations from one [[Cubic crystal system|isometric]] form to another,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/catalogueofgames00milt#page/44/mode/2up|title=Bradley's Game and Toy Catalogue. 1889-90|year=1889}}</ref> and one separately available strip showing the progress of the [[Grecian bend]] (a woman morphing into a camel).<ref name="Herbert1" /> The [[London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company]] was licensed as the British publisher and repeated most of the Milton Bradley animations, while adding a set of twelve animations by famous British illustrator [[George Cruikshank]] in 1870.<ref name=Herbert2/> French licensee F. Delacour & Bakes produced the "Zootrope, ou cercle magique", of which newspaper ''Le Figaro'' ordered 10,000 copies to sell to subscribers at a reduced price.<ref name="Veras" />

===James Clerk Maxwell's improved zoetrope===
In 1868 [[James Clerk Maxwell]] had an improved zoetrope constructed.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fe88AAAAIAAJ&q=%22wheel+of+life%22&pg=PA444|title=The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell|first=James Clerk|last=Maxwell|date=May 18, 1995|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=9780521256261|via=Google Books}}</ref> Instead of slits it used concave lenses with a focal length equaling the diameter of the cylinder. The virtual image was thus seen in the centre and appeared much more sharp and steady than in the original zoetrope. Maxwell drew several strips that mostly demonstrated subjects relating to physics, like the vibrations of a harp string or [[Helmholtz]]'s vortex rings threading through each other. An article about the "Zootrope perfectionné" was published in French scientific magazine ''Le Cosmos'' in 1869,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8YWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22le+cosmos%22+%22volume+20%22&pg=PA585|title=Le Cosmos; revue des sciences et de leurs applications|date=April 10, 1869|via=Google Books}}</ref> but the device was never marketed. Maxwell's original zoetrope and some strips are kept in the collection of the Cavendish Museum in Cambridge.