Editing Zabrze (section)

===Interwar period===
[[File:Wolności 296 Building, Zabrze, Poland, September 2018.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Typical [[Art Nouveau in Poland|''Jugendstil'']] architecture on Wolności (Liberty) Street in Zabrze]]
During the plebiscite held after [[World War I]], 21,333 inhabitants (59%) of the Hindenburg commune voted to remain in Germany, while 14,873 (41%) voted for incorporation to Poland, which had just regained its independence.<ref name="UM"/> In May 1921 the Third [[Silesian Uprisings|Silesian Uprising]] broke out and Hindenburg was captured by Polish insurgents, who held it until the end of the uprising.<ref name="UM"/> When [[Upper Silesia]] was divided between Poland and Germany in 1921, the Hindenburg commune remained in Germany, while the present-day districts of Kończyce, [[Makoszowy]] and Pawłów were reintegrated with Poland.<ref name="UM"/> It received its [[city charter]] in 1922. Just five years after receiving city rights Hindenburg became the biggest city in German-ruled western Upper Silesia and the second biggest city in German-ruled Silesia after [[Wrocław]] (then ''Breslau''). Nevertheless, various Polish organizations still operated in the city in the [[interbellum]], including a local branch of the [[Union of Poles in Germany]],{{sfn|Cygański|1984|p=24}} Polish libraries, [[sports clubs]], [[credit union]]s, choirs, [[scout troop]]s and an amateur theater.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=74}} Polish newspaper ''Głos Ludu'' was published in the city.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=124}} In a secret ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' report from 1934, Zabrze was named one of the main centers of the Polish movement in western Upper Silesia.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=60}} In terms of religion, most of the city's population adhered to the [[Catholic Church]].{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=35}}

In the 1920s, the [[Communist Party of Germany|communists]], [[Centre Party (Germany)|Christian democrats]] and [[German National People's Party|nationalists]] enjoyed the greatest support among the German population, while Poles supported Polish parties.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=53-54}} In 1924 the [[Communist Party of Germany]] won the local elections and proposed changing the name of the city to ''Leninburg''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zalega |first=Dariusz |title=Chachary. Ludowa historia Górnego Śląska |year=2024 |location=Warszawa |pages=201 |language=pl}}</ref> In 1928, among the largest cities in western Upper Silesia, Polish parties received the most votes in Zabrze.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=74}} In the [[German federal election, March 1933|March 1933 elections]], most of the citizens voted for the [[Nazi Party]], followed by [[Centre Party (Germany)|Zentrum]] and the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist Party]]. Nazi politician Max Fillusch became the city's mayor and remained in the position until 1945.<ref name="Geschichte">[http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/hindenburg.html Stadtkreis Zabrze] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201953/http://www.geschichte-on-demand.de/hindenburg.html |date=3 March 2016 }} at Geschichte on Demand website</ref>

[[File:Pomnik Makoszowy.JPG|thumb|A monument commemorating the fallen in the fight for the liberation of Silesia in the [[Silesian uprisings]] and [[World War II]]]]

The anti-Polish organization [[Bund Deutscher Osten]] was very active in the city, it dealt with [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany|propaganda]], indoctrination and espionage of the Polish community, as well as denouncing Poles to local authorities.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=50}} When, the Barbórka (traditional holiday of miners) church services were organized separately for Poles and Germans in 1936, the Polish service enjoyed a greater attendance,{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=130}} however, due to Nazi oppression and propaganda, the attendance at Polish services in the 1930s gradually decreased, according to Bund Deutscher Osten.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=157}} Polish activists were increasingly persecuted since 1937.{{sfn|Cygański|1984|p=24}} People were urged to [[Germanisation|Germanise]] their names, Polish inscriptions were removed from tombstones.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=50}} Some Polish priests were expelled from the city, both before{{sfn|Cygański|1984|p=26}} and during [[World War II]].{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=100}} As a result of German persecution the [[Jews|Jewish]] community dropped from 1,154 people in 1933 to 551 in 1939, and its remainder was deported to [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]] in 1942.{{sfn|Rosenbaum|Węcki|2010|p=35}} The town's synagogue, that had stood since 1872, was destroyed in the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' pogroms of November 1938.<ref>[[Ghetto Fighters' House]] archives, Photo No. 55805: a memorial monument placed by the Zabrze municipality in 1998 to commemorate its Jewish community.</ref>