Editing York (section)

===After the conquest===
[[File:RidsdalePanorma.jpg|thumb|A panorama of 15th-century York by [[E. Ridsdale Tate]]; York Castle is on the right hand side of the river, opposite the abandoned motte of [[Baile Hill]].|200x200px]]

In 1068, two years after the [[Norman conquest of England]], the people of York rebelled. Initially they succeeded, but upon the arrival of [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] the rebellion was suppressed. William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte. In 1069, after another rebellion, the king built another timbered castle across the River Ouse. These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the "[[Harrying of the North]]" where he destroyed everything from York to Durham. The remains of the rebuilt castles, now in stone, are visible on either side of the River Ouse.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=York|volume=28|pages=927–929}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|section=The Old Baile|title=An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in City of York, Volume 2, the Defences |year=1972|pages=87–89|via=British History Online|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89|access-date=16 June 2020|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227014309/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/york/vol2/pp87-89|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising, and the Normans built a minster on a new site. Around the year 1080, [[Thomas I of York|Archbishop Thomas]] started building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster.<ref name="ymhist">{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/ |title=York Minster: a very brief history |publisher=York Minster |access-date=15 June 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209035428/http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/ |archive-date=9 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Clifford's Tower, from south.JPG|thumb|[[Clifford's Tower]], part of York Castle|200x200px]]

York prospered in the 12th century. In 1190 [[York Castle#12th century|York Castle]] was the site of an infamous [[12th century English pogroms|massacre of its Jewish inhabitants]], in which at least 150 people were murdered, although some authorities put the figure as high as 500.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre|title=The 1190 Massacre|publisher=York Museums Trust|work=History Of York|access-date=13 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103050430/http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/themes/norman/the-1190-massacre|archive-date=3 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bbcpog">{{cite web |title=Death in York |publisher=BBC |date=28 September 2006 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml |access-date=10 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214091034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml |archive-date=14 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to the [[Great North Road (Great Britain)|Great North Road]], became a major trading centre. [[John, King of England|King John]] granted the city's first [[charter]] in 1212,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535|title=Charter Day celebrations for York announced|work=BBC News|access-date=29 January 2015|date=8 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016054044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-14078535|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> confirming trading rights in England and Europe.<ref name="ymhist"/><ref name="coynm">{{cite web |title=Norman and Medieval York |publisher=City of York Council |url=http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/ |date=20 December 2006 |access-date=1 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915160317/http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/
|archive-date=15 September 2007}}</ref> During the later Middle Ages, York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from the [[Low Countries]], timber and furs from the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] and exported grain to [[Gascony]] and grain and wool to the Low Countries.<ref name="VCH">{{cite book |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool |title=''A History of the County of York: the City of York'': The later middle ages – Communications, markets and merchants |publisher=British History Online |access-date=18 July 2009 |year=1961 |editor-first=P. M. |editor-last=Tillott |pages=97–106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112100958/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36335&strquery=wool |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

York became a major cloth-manufacturing and trading centre. [[Edward I]] further stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-called [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter of [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] in 1396.