Editing World Health Organization (section)

=== Operational history ===
1947: The WHO established an [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] information service via [[telex]].<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|5}}

1949: The [[Soviet Union]] and its constituent republics quit the WHO over the organization's unwillingness to share the [[penicillin]] recipe. They would not return until 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2024 |script-title=ru:"Больше не считает себя членом Всемирной организации здравоохранения" |title="Bol'she ne schitayet sebya chlenom Vsemirnoy organizatsii zdravookhraneniya" |trans-title="No longer considers itself a member of the World Health Organization" |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6507677 |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=[[Коммерсантъ]] |language=ru |archive-date=11 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211063710/https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6507677 |url-status=live}}</ref>

1950: A mass [[tuberculosis]] inoculation drive using the [[BCG vaccine]] gets under way.<ref name="WHO-2" />{{rp|8}}

1955: The malaria eradication programme was launched, although objectives were later modified. (In most areas, the programme goals became control instead of eradication.)<ref name="WHO-2">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf |title=WHO at 60 |publisher=WHO |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617063811/http://www.who.int/who60/media/exhibition_brochure.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|9}}

1958: [[Viktor Zhdanov]], Deputy Minister of Health for the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], called on the [[World Health Assembly]] to undertake a global initiative to [[Eradication of infectious diseases|eradicate]] smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54.<ref name="fenner3">{{cite book |last1=Fenner |first1=Frank |last2=Henderson |first2=Donald A |last3=Arita |first3=Isao |last4=Jezek |first4=Zdenek |last5=Ladnyi |first5=Ivan Danilovich |title=Smallpox and its eradication |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=92-4-156110-6 |page=vii |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39485 |chapter=Foreword |hdl=10665/39485 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526044554/https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39485 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name= Fenner2>{{cite book |last1=Fenner |first1=Frank |last2=Henderson |first2=Donald A |last3=Arita |first3=Isao |last4=Jezek |first4=Zdenek |last5=Ladnyi |first5=Ivan Danilovich |author1-link=Frank Fenner |author2-link=Donald Henderson |author3-link=Isao Arita |title=Smallpox and its eradication |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=92-4-156110-6 |pages=364–419 |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39485 |chapter=Development of the global smallpox eradication programme, 1958-1966 |hdl=10665/39485 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526044554/https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/39485 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|366–371, 393, 399, 419}}<!--Really, the entire chapter is a discussion of this, so, to be fair, page range was NOT too broad. FWIW, though, noting the pp. with substantive points here. It looks a bit strange and cluttered.-->

1965: The first report on [[diabetes mellitus]] and the creation of the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]].<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|10–11}}

1966: The WHO moved its headquarters from the Ariana wing at the [[Palace of Nations]] to a newly constructed headquarters elsewhere in Geneva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/archives/exhibits/galleries/building/en/|title=Construction of the main WHO building|year=2016|website=who.int|publisher=WHO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180611011659/http://www.who.int/archives/exhibits/galleries/building/en/|archive-date=11 June 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="WHO-2"/>

1967: The WHO intensified the global [[smallpox]] eradication campaign by contributing $2.4&nbsp;million annually to the effort and adopted a new [[disease surveillance]] method,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www1.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-10-full.pdf |first=Vladimír |last=Zikmund |title=Karel Raška and Smallpox |journal=Central European Journal of Public Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=55–56 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20586232 |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011215018/http://www1.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-10-full.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www1.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-11-full.pdf |last1=Holland |first1=Walter W. |title=Karel Raška – The Development of Modern Epidemiology. The role of the IEA |journal=Central European Journal of Public Health |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=57–60 |date=March 2010 |pmid=20586233 |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011215323/http://www1.szu.cz/svi/cejph/archiv/2010-1-11-full.pdf |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> at a time when 2 million people were dying from smallpox per year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenspan |first1=Jesse |title=The Rise and Fall of Smallpox |url=https://www.history.com/news/the-rise-and-fall-of-smallpox |website=History |access-date=26 January 2021 |date=7 May 2015 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121122259/https://www.history.com/news/the-rise-and-fall-of-smallpox |url-status=live}}</ref> The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Orenstein |first1=Walter A. |last2=Plotkin |first2=Stanley A. |title=Vaccines |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=smallpox&rid=vacc.section.45#47 |publisher=W.B. Saunders Co |location=Philadelphia |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-7216-7443-8 |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212062827/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=smallpox&rid=vacc.section.45#47 |archive-date=12 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The WHO also helped contain the last European [[1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak|outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Colette |last=Flight |date=17 February 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_03.shtml |title=Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge |work=BBC History |access-date=24 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214152400/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/smallpox_03.shtml |archive-date=14 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> After over two decades of fighting smallpox, a Global Commission declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2010/smallpox_20100618/en/ |title=Anniversary of smallpox eradication |website= WHO Media Centre |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=11 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617073353/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/multimedia/podcasts/2010/smallpox_20100618/en/ |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

1974: The [[Expanded Programme on Immunization]]<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|13}} and the control programme of [[onchocerciasis]] was started, an important partnership between the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), and the [[World Bank]].<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|14}}

1975: The WHO launched the [[Tropical disease#Health programmes|Special Programme for Research and Training]] in [[Tropical disease]]s (the TDR).<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|15}} Co-sponsored by [[UNICEF]], UNDP, and the World Bank, it was established in response to a 1974 request from the WHA for an intensive effort to develop improved control of tropical diseases. The TDR's goals are, firstly, to support and coordinate international research into diagnosis, treatment and control of tropical diseases; and, secondly, to strengthen research capabilities within endemic countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=WHO Division of Control of Tropical Diseases (CTD) |journal=Tropical Diseases |title=UNDP – World Bank – WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) |url=http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/001-614/001-614.html |via=Columbia.edu |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=11 July 2021 |location=Geneva |id=TDR-CTD/HH 90.1 |date=1990 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423152944/http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/001-614/001-614.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

1976: The WHA enacted a resolution on [[disability]] prevention and [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation|rehabilitation]], with a focus on community-driven care.<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|16}}

1977 and 1978: The first list of [[essential medicines]] was drawn up,<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|17}} and a year later the ambitious goal of "[[Health For All]]" was declared.<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|18}}

[[File:Directors of Global Smallpox Eradication Program.jpg|thumb|Three former directors of the [[Smallpox#Eradication|Global Smallpox Eradication Programme]] read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980.]]

1986: The WHO began its global programme on [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|20}} Two years later preventing discrimination against patients was attended to<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|21}} and in 1996 the [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS]] (UNAIDS) was formed.<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|23}}

1988: The [[Global Polio Eradication Initiative]] was established.<ref name="WHO-2" />{{rp|22}}

1995: The WHO established an independent International Commission for the Certification of [[Eradication of dracunculiasis|Dracunculiasis Eradication]] (Guinea worm disease eradication; ICCDE).<ref name="WHO-2" />{{rp|23}} The ICCDE recommends to the WHO which countries fulfil requirements for certification. It also has role in advising on progress made towards elimination of transmission and processes for verification.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Division of Control of Tropical Disease |title=Criteria for the Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradication |date=1996 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |page=2 |edition=Revised |url=https://www.who.int/dracunculiasis/resources/Criteria_for_certification_dracunculiasis_1996.pdf |id=[WHO reference:WHO/FIL/96.187 Rev.1] |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020231617/https://www.who.int/dracunculiasis/resources/Criteria_for_certification_dracunculiasis_1996.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

1998: The WHO's director-general highlighted gains in child survival, reduced [[infant mortality]], increased [[life expectancy]] and reduced rates of "scourges" such as smallpox and [[polio]] on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHD_98.1-13.pdf |title=World Health Day: Safe Motherhood |date=7 April 1998 |publisher=WHO |page=1 |access-date=31 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617063313/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1998/WHD_98.1-13.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

2000: The [[Stop TB Partnership]] was created along with the UN's formulation of the [[Millennium Development Goals]].<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|24}}

2001: The [[measles]] initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007.<ref name="WHO-2"/>{{rp|26}}

2002: [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]] was drawn up to improve the resources available.<ref name="WHO-2" />{{rp|27}}

2005: The WHO revises [[International Health Regulations]] (IHR) in light of emerging health threats and the experience of the [[2002–2004 SARS outbreak|2002/3 SARS epidemic]], authorizing WHO, among other things, to declare a health threat a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]].<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1177/0967010614535833|title = WHO decides on the exception? Securitization and emergency governance in global health|year = 2014|last1 = Hanrieder|first1 = Tine|last2 = Kreuder-Sonnen|first2 = Christian|journal = Security Dialogue|volume = 45|issue = 4|pages = 331–348|s2cid = 53580076|doi-access = free|hdl = 10419/190829|hdl-access = free}}</ref>

2006: The WHO endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for global prevention, treatment, and support the plan to fight the [[AIDS pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-first=Mu |editor-last=Xuequan |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/04/content_5167991.htm |title=Zimbabwe launches world's 1st AIDS training package |publisher=chinaview.cn |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date=4 October 2006 |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005041107/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-10/04/content_5167991.htm |archive-date=5 October 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Launches First Official HIV Prevention, Treatment, Support Toolkit |url=https://kffhealthnews.org/morning-breakout/dr00040239/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=KFF Health News |language=en-US}}</ref>

2006: The WHO launches the [[Global action plan for influenza vaccines]]

2016: The [[Global action plan for influenza vaccines]] ends with a report which concludes that ''while substantial progress has been made over the 10 years of the Plan, the world is still not ready to respond to an [[influenza pandemic]].''

2016: Following the perceived failure of the response to the [[Western African Ebola virus epidemic|West Africa Ebola outbreak]], the World Health Emergencies programme was formed, changing the WHO from just being a "normative" agency to one that responds operationally to health emergencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ebola then and now: Eight lessons from West Africa that were applied in the Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/ebola-then-and-now |access-date=12 October 2021 |website=World Health Organization |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024161023/https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/ebola-then-and-now |url-status=live}}</ref>

2020: the World Health Organization announced that it had classified the [[COVID-19 pandemic|novel coronavirus outbreak]] as a public health emergency of international concern. The [[novel coronavirus]] was a new strain of [[coronavirus]] that had never been detected in humans before. The WHO named this new coronavirus "[[COVID-19]]" or "[[SARS-CoV-2|2019-nCov]]".

2022: The WHO suggests formation of a Global Health Emergency Council, with a new global health emergency workforce, and recommends revision of the International Health Regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Strengthening the Global Architecture for Health Emergency Preparedness, Response and Resilience |url=https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/strengthening-the-global-architecture-for-health-emergency-preparedness-response-and-resilience |access-date=13 May 2022 |publisher=World Health Organization |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513233126/https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/strengthening-the-global-architecture-for-health-emergency-preparedness-response-and-resilience |url-status=live}}</ref>

2024: WHO has declared the spread of [[mpox]] (formerly monkeypox) in several African countries a [[Public health emergency of international concern|public health emergency]] of international concern, marking the second such declaration in the last two years due to the virus's transmission.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branswell |first=Helen |date=14 August 2024 |title=WHO declares mpox outbreak a global health emergency |url=https://www.statnews.com/2024/08/14/who-declares-mpox-outbreak-a-global-health-emergency/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=STAT |language=en-US |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814200147/https://www.statnews.com/2024/08/14/who-declares-mpox-outbreak-a-global-health-emergency/?utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz--Lo3IayMbqmClQ3ftlWpD_vCc7zY58cK2aPYEsfY1vLSBJhWxLv9n_pi_jUqcQkZY-Ts6igSZCp8pUj_f_agSEq7asDQ&_hsmi=320109701&utm_content=320109701&utm_source=hs_email |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=WHO declares mpox outbreaks in Africa a global health emergency as a new form of the virus spreads |url=https://apnews.com/article/who-mpox-africa-health-emergency-cc9bdf31b49d06bec5efd44fb55d5e42 |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816004320/https://apnews.com/article/who-mpox-africa-health-emergency-cc9bdf31b49d06bec5efd44fb55d5e42 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=WHO declares Mpox global health emergency |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg35w27gzno |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814200751/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg35w27gzno |url-status=live}}</ref>