Editing Working memory (section)

=== Working memory as part of long-term memory ===
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{{Annotation|10|160|Long-term Memory|font-weight=bold|font-size=10}}}}[[Anders Ericsson]] and [[Walter Kintsch]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ericsson KA, Kintsch W | title = Long-term working memory | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 102 | issue = 2 | pages = 211–245 | date = April 1995 | pmid = 7740089 | doi = 10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.211 | name-list-style = amp }}</ref> have introduced the notion of "long-term working memory", which they define as a set of "retrieval structures" in long-term memory that enable seamless access to the information relevant for everyday tasks. In this way, parts of long-term memory effectively function as working memory. In a similar vein, [[Nelson Cowan|Cowan]] does not regard working memory as a separate system from [[long-term memory]]. Representations in working memory are a subset of representations in long-term memory. Working memory is organized into two embedded levels. The first consists of long-term memory representations that are activated. There can be many of these—there is theoretically no limit to the activation of representations in long-term memory. The second level is called the focus of attention. The focus is regarded as having a limited capacity and holds up to four of the activated representations.<ref name="Cowan 1995">{{cite book | vauthors =Cowan N  |title=Attention and memory: an integrated framework |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-19-506760-6 |oclc=30475237 }}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref>

Oberauer has extended Cowan's model by adding a third component—a more narrow focus of attention that holds only one chunk at a time. The one-element focus is embedded in the four-element focus and serves to select a single chunk for processing. For example, four digits can be held in mind at the same time in Cowan's "focus of attention". When the individual wishes to perform a process on each of these digits—for example, adding the number two to each digit—separate processing is required for each digit since most individuals cannot perform several mathematical processes in parallel.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Attention, working memory, and long-term memory in multimedia learning: A integrated perspective based on process models of working memory| vauthors = Schweppe J |date = 2014|journal = Educational Psychology Review|doi = 10.1007/s10648-013-9242-2|issue = 2|volume = 26|page = 289|s2cid = 145088718}}</ref> Oberauer's attentional component selects one of the digits for processing and then shifts the attentional focus to the next digit, continuing until all digits have been processed.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oberauer K | title = Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 411–421 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 12018494 | doi = 10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411 }}</ref>